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Using novel data, we provide the first panoramic view of U.S. Black movement protest events as reported in U.S. newswires between 1994 and 2010 and put our quantitative data into dialogue with qualitative accounts. Struggles during these years presaged the Black Lives protest waves of 2014 to 2016 and 2020. Protests increased after the 1995 Million Man March into 2001 but dropped abruptly after the 9/11 attacks. Collective action increased again at the end of the 2000s. Protests in response to police violence and other criminal-legal issues were major arenas of struggle and news coverage. Also common were issues of national identity including celebrations of Black history and Black solidarity, protests about Confederate symbols, and protests about White hate groups and hate crimes. Although Black people protested about a wide variety of issues, newswires focused disproportionately on incidents of police violence and perceived threats of Black violence. There is substantial continuity in issues, organizations, and activism between this earlier period and the Black Lives Movement of 2014 to 2020.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Pamela Oliver: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
E-mail: Pamela.Oliver@wisc.edu
ORCID: 0000-0001-7643-1008

Chaeyoon Lim: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
E-mail: chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu
ORCID: 0000-0003-4527-4390

Morgan C. Matthews: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
E-mail: mmatthews5@wisc.edu
ORCID: 0000-0003-2721-1572

Alex Hanna: DAIR Institute
E-mail: alex.hanna@gmail.com
ORCID: 0000-0002-8957-0813

Acknowledgments: This research was funded by National Science Foundation grants SES1423784 and SES1918342. We thank David Skalinder and John Lemke for research assistance. This article is an extensively revised version that includes updated and corrected data of papers previously presented at conferences in 2017 and 2019.

Replication Package

Citation: Oliver, Pamela, Chaeyoon Lim, Morgan C. Matthews, and Alex Hanna. 2022. “Black Protests in the United States, 1994 to 2010.” Sociological Science 9: 275-312.
Received: November 24, 2021
Accepted: December 12, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Sarah Soule
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a12

Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences

By Parker Webservices on May 23, 2022 in Articles

Mads Meier Jæger and Stine Møllegaard

Sociological Science May 23, 2022
10.15195/v9.a11

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Theories in sociology argue that family background and individual experiences shape cultural tastes and participation. Yet, we do not know the relative importance of each explanation or the extent to which family background operates via shared genes or shared environments. In this article, we use new data on same-sex monozygotic and dizygotic twins from Denmark to estimate the total impact of family background (genetic and environmental) and individual experiences on highbrow and lowbrow tastes and participation and on omnivorousness in music and reading. We find that family background explains more than half of the total variance in cultural tastes and participation and in omnivorousness. Moreover, family background operates mainly via shared genes, with shared environments shaping cultural tastes to some extent, but not cultural participation. Our findings support theories claiming that family background is instrumental in shaping cultural tastes and participation but highlight the relevance of distinguishing genetic and environmental aspects of family background.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Mads Meier Jæger: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: mmj@soc.ku.dk

Stine Møllegaard: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: stinem@soc.ku.dk

Acknowledgments:We have presented earlier versions of this article at seminars at Uppsala University, the University of Lausanne, University of Oslo, and the University of Copenhagen. We thank participants at these seminars for constructive comments. The research presented in this article was funded by the Velux Foundation (grant number 00001700).

Citation: Jæger, Mads Meier, and Stine Møllegaard. 2022. “Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences.” Sociological Science 9: 252-274.
Received: January 19, 2022
Accepted: March 16, 2022
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Jeremy Freese
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a11

"Choose the Plan That’s Right for You": Choice Devolution as Class-Biased Institutional Change in U.S. Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance

By Parker Webservices on May 16, 2022 in Articles

Adam Goldstein, James Franklin Wharam

Sociological Science May 16, 2022
10.15195/v9.a10

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This study examines the distributional consequences of U.S. employers’ efforts to devolve responsibility for managing their employees’ medical insurance risk. The logic of consumer choice has increasingly come to dominate insurance benefit design, requiring that employees learn to be their own actuaries. We ask, to what extent does the individuation of choice (between insurance plans with disparate levels of cost-sharing) alter the social stratification of out-of-pocket (OOP) medical expenditure burdens across socioeconomic status class strata? Our analysis draws on an insurance claims database from a large multi-employer commercial insurer, which includes information on plan offerings and realized OOP expenditure burdens for more than 37 million persons from 2002 to 2012. Consistent with expectations, the results of pooled difference-in-difference event study models reveal that transitions to devolved choice result in modestly greater increases in realized OOP burden among lower socioeconomic status enrollees, compared with the growth among higher-status enrollees. However, the magnitude of the increase in the between-class expenditure burden disparity is small in substantive terms.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Adam Goldstein: Princeton University School of Public and International Affairs
E-mail: amg5@princeton.edu

James Franklin Wharam: Duke University Department of Medicine and Duke-Margolis Center for Health Policy
E-mail: james.wharam@duke.edu

Acknowledgments:This study was generously supported by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Scholars in Health Policy Research Program. The authors thank Robert LeCates and Fang Zhang for sharing data and assistance with variable derivation. Katherine Swartz, Paul Starr, Jeremy Cohen, and Simone Schneider provided helpful comments on earlier drafts. The study benefited from the feedback of audiences and participants at the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Scholars in Health Policy Research Annual Meeting, the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, and Princeton’s Center for the Study of Social Organization Seminar.

Citation: Goldstein, Adam, and James Franklin Wharam. 2022. “‘Choose the Plan That’s Right for You’: Choice Devolution as Class-Biased Institutional Change in U.S. Employer-Sponsored Health Insurance.” Sociological Science 9: 221-251.
Received: January 3, 2022
Accepted: March 21, 2022
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Cristobal Young
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a10

Demographic Change and Group Boundaries in Germany: The Effect of Projected Demographic Decline on Perceptions of Who Has a Migration Background

By Parker Webservices on May 9, 2022 in Articles

Johanna Gereke, Joshua Hellyer, Jan Behnert, Saskia Exner, Alexander Herbel, Felix Jäger, Dean Lajic, Štepán Mezenský, Vu Ngoc Anh, Tymoteusz Ogłaza, Jule Schabinger, Anna Sokolova, Daria Szafran, Noah Tirolf, Susanne Veit, and Nan Zhang

Sociological Science May 9, 2022
10.15195/v9.a9

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In many Western societies, the current “native” majority will become a numerical minority sometime within the next century. How does prospective demographic change affect existing group boundaries? An influential recent article by Abascal (2020) showed that white Americans under demographic threat reacted with boundary contraction—that is, they were less likely to classify ambiguously white people as “white.” The present study examines the generalizability of these findings beyond the American context. Specifically, we test whether informing Germans about the projected decline of the “native” population without migration background affects the classification of phenotypically ambiguous individuals. Our results show that information about demographic change neither affects the definition of group boundaries nor generates negative feelings toward minority outgroups. These findings point to the relevance of contextual differences in shaping the conditions under which demographic change triggers group threat and boundary shifts.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Johanna Gereke: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung (MZES), University of Mannheim
E-mail: johanna.gereke@mzes.uni-mannheim.de

Joshua Hellyer: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung (MZES), University of Mannheim
E-mail: joshua.hellyer@mzes.uni-mannheim.de

Jan Behnert: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: jbehnert@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Saskia Exner: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: sexner@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Alexander Herbel: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: aherbel@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Felix Jäger: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: jaeger@uni-mannheim.de

Dean Lajic: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: dlajic@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Štepán Mezenský: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: tmezensk@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Vu Ngoc Anh: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: vngocanh@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Tymoteusz Ogłaza: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: toglaza@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Jule Schabinger: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: jschabin@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Anna Sokolova: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: anna.sokolova@uni-mannheim.de

Daria Szafran: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: dszafran@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Noah Tirolf: School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim
E-mail: notirolf@mail.uni-mannheim.de

Susanne Veit: German Center for Integration and Migration Research (DeZIM-Institut)
E-mail: veit@dezim-institut.de

Nan Zhang: Mannheimer Zentrum für Europäische Sozialforschung (MZES), University of Mannheim
E-mail: nan.zhang@mzes.uni-mannheim.de

Acknowledgments:This research was supported by funding from the Stifterverband and the Baden-Württemberg Stiftung for “Innovation in Teaching.”

Citation: Gereke, Johanna, Joshua Hellyer, Jan Behnert, Saskia Exner, Alexander Herbel, Felix Jäger, Dean Lajic, Štepán Mezenský, Vu Ngoc Anh, Tymoteusz Ogłaza, Jule Schabinger, Anna Sokolova, Daria Szafran, Noah Tirolf, Susanne Veit, and Nan Zhang. 2022. “Demographic Change and Group Boundaries in Germany: The Effect of Projected Demographic Decline on Perceptions of Who Has a Migration Background.” Sociological Science 9: 206-220.
Received: January 12, 2022
Accepted: March 8, 2022
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Vida Maralani
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a9

Cohort Succession Explains Most Change in Literary Culture

By Parker Webservices on May 2, 2022 in Articles

Ted Underwood, Kevin Kiley, Wenyi Shang, Stephen Vaisey

Sociological Science May 2, 2022
10.15195/v9.a8

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Many aspects of behavior are guided by dispositions that are relatively durable once formed. Political opinions and phonology, for instance, change largely through cohort succession. But evidence for cohort effects has been scarce in artistic and intellectual history; researchers in those fields more commonly explain change as an immediate response to recent innovations and events. We test these conflicting theories of change in a corpus of 10,830 works of fiction from 1880 to 1999 and find that slightly more than half (54.7 percent) of the variance explained by time is explained better by an author’s year of birth than by a book’s year of publication. Writing practices do change across an author’s career. But the pace of change declines steeply with age. This finding suggests that existing histories of literary culture have a large blind spot: the early experiences that form cohorts are pivotal but leave few traces in the historical record.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Ted Underwood: School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana
E-mail: tunder@illinois.edu

Kevin Kiley: Department of Sociology and Criminology, University of Iowa
E-mail: kevin-kiley@uiowa.edu

Wenyi Shang: School of Information Sciences, University of Illinois, Champaign-Urbana
E-mail: wenyis3@illinois.edu

Stephen Vaisey: Department of Sociology, Duke University
E-mail: stephen.vaisey@duke.edu

Acknowledgments:The authors relied heavily on publication data manually constructed by Patrick Kimutis, Hoyt Long, Edwin Roland, Richard Jean So, and Jessica Witte; that data construction work was partially funded by SSHRC through the NovelTM project.

Citation: Underwood, Ted, Kevin Kiley, Wenyi Shang, and Stephen Vaisey. 2022. “Cohort Succession Explains Most Change in Literary Culture.” Sociological Science 9: 184-205.
Received: January 17, 2022
Accepted: March 16, 2022
Editors: Ari Adut, Gabriel Rossman
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a8

Marriage, Kids, and the Picket Fence? Household Type and Wealth among U.S. Households, 1989 to 2019

By Parker Webservices on April 25, 2022 in Articles

Christine Percheski, Christina Gibson-Davis

Sociological Science April 25, 2022
10.15195/v9.a7

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Evidence on how parenthood affects household wealth in the United States has been inconclusive, partially because previous studies have decontextualized parenthood from gender, marital, and relationship status. Yet, insights from economic sociology suggest that wealth-related behaviors are shaped by the intersection of identities, not by a binary classification of parental status. We examine net worth by the intersection of gender, parental, and relationship status during a period of increasing wealth inequality and family diversification. Using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances from 1989 through 2019, we show that aggregate comparisons between parents and non-parents mask substantial wealth variation across nine household types. Despite changing social selection into marriage and parenthood, married parents consistently held a wealth advantage over demographically similar adults in other household types. Married parents’ wealth advantage descriptively arises from homeownership, perhaps because the combined spousal and parental identities are normatively and culturally associated with homeownership.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Christine Percheski: Department of Sociology, Northwestern University
E-mail: c-percheski@northwestern.edu

Christina Gibson-Davis: Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University
E-mail: cgibson@duke.edu

Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge funding from the National Science Foundation (award 1459631) and advice from Sara McLanahan, Michael Hout, Michelle Weinberger, and several anonymous reviewers.

Citation: Percheski, Christine, and Christina Gibson-Davis. 2022. “Marriage, Kids, and the Picket Fence? Household Type and Wealth among U.S. Households, 1989 to 2019.” Sociological Science 9: 159-183.
Received: March 10, 2021
Accepted: April 30, 2022
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Vida Maralani
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a7

The Stalled Gender Revolution and the Rise of Top Earnings in the United States, 1980 to 2017

By Parker Webservices on April 11, 2022 in Articles

Hadas Mandel, Assaf Rotman

Sociological Science April 11, 2022
10.15195/v9.a6

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The steep rise of top wages is acknowledged as one of the main drivers of the rise in earnings inequality between workers in most postindustrial labor markets. Yet its relation to gender stratification, in particular to the stagnation in the gender pay gap, has received very little scholarly attention. Using data from the U.S. Current Population Survey, conducted between 1980 and 2017, we provide evidence of the enormous weight that the dynamic at the top of the earnings distribution exerts on the gender pay gap. We also show how this dynamic inhibits the consequences of the countervailing process of gender vertical desegregation. Although developments in gender inequality and in the rise of top wages have drawn extensive scholarly attention and have even penetrated into the public discourse in recent years, the two dimensions of inequality are often perceived as unrelated to one another. Our findings, then, highlight the connection between different forms of inequality—class inequality and gender inequality—a relation that demands much more attention in the new economy.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Hadas Mandel: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University
E-mail: hadasm@tauex.tau.ac.il

Assaf Rotman: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Tel Aviv University
E-mail: assafrot@tauex.tau.ac.il

Acknowledgments: We thank Amit Lazarus and Michael Shalev for their valuable comments on earlier versions of this article. This research was funded by the generous support of the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (Grant Agreement No. 724351). Authors are listed in alphabetical order, reflecting their equal contribution.

Citation: Mandel, Hadas, and Assaf Rotman. 2022. “The Stalled Gender Revolution and the Rise of Top Earnings in the United States, 1980 to 2017.” Sociological Science 9: 136-158.
Received: December 8, 2021
Accepted: January 26, 2022
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Cristobal Young
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a6

Schedule Unpredictability and High-Cost Debt: The Case of Service Workers

By Parker Webservices on April 4, 2022 in Articles

Mariana Amorim, Daniel Schneider

Sociological Science April 4, 2022
10.15195/v9.a5

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High-cost financial services allow economically insecure families to make ends meet but often contribute to additional financial strain in the long run. This study uses novel data from the Shift Project to describe the link between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt (i.e., payday loans, pawnshop loans, auto-title loans, overdrafts, and problematic credit card debt) among service workers. First, it compares the relative magnitude of the associations between high-cost debt, schedule unpredictability, and levels of income. Second, it investigates whether income volatility mediates the relationship between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt. Finally, it describes whether the link between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt varies by institutional and policy contexts. Results indicate that schedule unpredictability is a substantively meaningful, independent, and understudied dimension of inequality in financial outcomes.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Mariana Amorim: Department of Sociology, Washington State University
E-mail: mariana.amorim@wsu.edu

Daniel Schneider: Department of Sociology, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University
E-mail: dschneider@hks.harvard.edu

Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant INV-002665), the RobertWood Johnson Foundation (award 74528), and theW. T. Grant Foundation (grant 188043). The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of these foundations. We also thank Timothy Flake for his feedback on corporate programs addressing financial well-being, Megan Bea for the suggestion to use the State-Mandated Education Database, and Evelyn Bellew and Annette Gailliot for research assistance.

Citation: Amorim, Mariana, and Daniel Schneider. 2022. “Schedule Unpredictability and High-Cost Debt: The Case of Service Workers.” Sociological Science 9:102-135.
Received: November 10, 2021
Accepted: January 17, 2022
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Cristobal Young
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a5

The Religious Work Ethic and the Spirit of Patriarchy: Religiosity and the Gender Gap in Working for Its Own Sake, 1977 to 2018

By Parker Webservices on March 9, 2022 in Articles

Landon Schnabel, Cyrus Schleifer, Eman Abdelhadi, Samuel L. Perry

Sociological Science March 9, 2022
10.15195/v9.a4

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Societal beliefs about women’s work have long been a metric for gender equality, with recent scholarship focusing on trends in these attitudes to assess the progress (or stalling) of the gender revolution. Moving beyond widely critiqued gender attitude questions thought to be the only available items for measuring change over time, this article considers women’s and men’s views toward their own work over the last half century. Traditional gender scripts frame women’s labor force participation as less than ideal, something to do if financially necessary but not because work is intrinsically rewarding. Historically, this gender frame was reinforced by religion. We examine the gender gap in working for its own sake over time and whether and how religious involvement moderates these trends. Overall, the gender gap has declined to the point where it is now virtually nonexistent. However, religious involvement acts as a countervailing influence, bolstering the gap such that frequently attending men and women have not yet converged in their desire to work. Although the most religious Americans have not yet converged, men’s dropping desire to work and women’s rising desire to work are society-wide trends, and even the most religious Americans could be expected to converge at some point in the future. Traditionalist institutions contribute to unevenness in the gender revolution, but preferences cannot explain the persistent society-wide precarity of women’s work: Women now prefer to work for work’s sake at the same rate men do.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Landon Schnabel: Department of Sociology, Cornell University
E-mail: schnabel@cornell.edu

Cyrus Schleifer: Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma
E-mail: cyrus.schleifer@ou.edu

Eman Abdelhadi: Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago
E-mail: abdelhadi@uchicago.edu

Samuel L. Perry: Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma
E-mail: samperry@ou.edu

Acknowledgments: Direct correspondence to Landon Schnabel, Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 323 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. Email: schnabel@cornell.edu. The authors would like to thank Paula England, Brian Powell, and participants in the Cornell Center for the Study of Inequality Discussion Group for helpful feedback.

Citation: Schnabel, Landon, Cyrus Schleifer, Eman Abdelhadi, and Samuel L. Perry. 2022. “The Religious Work Ethic and the Spirit of Patriarchy: Religiosity and the Gender Gap in Working for Its Own Sake, 1977 to 2018.” Sociological Science 9: 75-101.
Received: October 26, 2021
Accepted: January 6, 2022
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Gabriel Rossman
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a4

Dog Whistles and Work Hours: The Political Activation of Labor Market Discrimination

By Parker Webservices on March 2, 2022 in Articles

Adam Goldstein, Tod Hamilton

Sociological Science March 2, 2022
10.15195/v9.a3

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Many commentators have suggested that Donald Trump’s 2016 election emboldened discrimination against racial minorities. We focus on changes in weekly work hours among hourly paid employees during the five months following the 2016 election (relative to 12 months prior). Using two-wave panel data from the Current Population Survey, we find that black workers suffered temporary work hours and earnings losses relative to white workers in areas where Trump received greater electoral support. There were no within-person declines among non-Hispanic whites in high-Trump-support areas or among any groups in lower-Trump-support areas. These patterns are not driven by seasonality, industrial composition, or pre-election trends, suggesting that Trump’s victory exacerbated racial disparities where he received strong electoral support. The findings reveal how political events can catalyze surges of discriminatory behavior in labor markets over the short to medium term, and they provide new evidence about the effects of Trump’s early presidency on U.S. race relations.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Adam Goldstein: Department of Sociology and School of International and Public Affairs, Princeton University
E-mail: amg5@princeton.edu

Tod Hamilton: Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University
E-mail: todh@princeton.edu

Acknowledgments: The authors thank seminar participants at Princeton University and Duke University for helpful comments.