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"Was It Me or Was It Gender Discrimination?" How Women Respond to Ambiguous Incidents at Work

By on September 11, 2023 in Articles

Laura Doering, Jan Doering, András Tilcsik

Sociological Science September 11, 2023
10.15195/v10.a18

Abstract

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Research shows that people often feel emotional distress when they experience a potentially discriminatory incident but cannot classify it conclusively. In this study, we propose that the ramifications of such ambiguous incidents extend beyond interior, emotional costs to include socially consequential action (or inaction) at work. Taking a mixed-methods approach, we examine how professional women experience and respond to incidents that they believe might have been gender discrimination, but about which they feel uncertain. Our interviews show that women struggle with how to interpret and respond to ambiguous incidents. Survey data show that women experience ambiguous incidents more often than incidents they believe were obviously discriminatory. Our vignette experiment reveals that women anticipate responding differently to the same incident depending on its level of ambiguity. Following incidents that are obviously discriminatory, women anticipate taking actions that make others aware of the problem; following ambiguous incidents, women anticipate changing their own work habits and self-presentation. This study establishes ambiguous gendered incidents as a familiar element of many women’s work lives that must be considered to address unequal gendered experiences at work.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Laura Doering: Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
E-mail: laura.doering@rotman.utoronto.ca

Jan Doering: Department of Sociology, University of Toronto
E-mail: jan.doering@utoronto.ca

András Tilcsik: Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
E-mail: andras.tilcsik@rotman.utoronto.ca

Acknowledgements: For their feedback on previous drafts, we thank Anne Bowers, Clayton Childress, Stefan Dimitriadis, Angelina Grigoryeva, Wyatt Lee, Sida Liu, Ryann Manning, Kim Pernell-Gallagher, Lauren Rivera, Patrick Rooney, Sameer Srivastava, and Ezra Zuckerman, and the Toronto Group of Seven, as well as seminar audiences at Cornell University, McGill University, and the University of Toronto. We gratefully acknowledge research assistance from Abigail Alebachew, Claire Corsten, Pablo Guzmán Lizardo, Branchie Mbofwana, Kristen McNeill, Priyanka Saini, and Vincent Zhang. This research was undertaken, in part, thanks to funding from the Canada Research Chairs Program, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, and the Institute for Gender and the Economy.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Doering, Laura, Doering, Jan, and Tilcsik, András. 2023. “‘Was It Me or Was It Gender Discrimination?’ How Women Respond to Ambiguous Incidents at Work” Sociological Science 10: 501-533.
  • Received: March 8, 2023
  • Accepted: April 29, 2023
  • Editors: Ari Adut, Kristen Schilt
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a18


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Resilience and Stress in Romantic Relationships in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic

By on September 6, 2023 in Articles

Michael J. Rosenfeld, Sonia Hausen

Sociological Science September 6, 2023
10.15195/v10.a17

Abstract

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We measure the perceived effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on romantic relationships in the United States. We contrast Family Stress theories emphasizing potential harms of the pandemic with Family Resilience Theory suggesting that crises can lead couples to build meaning and strengthen their relationships. We examine closed-ended and open-ended questions about relationship responses to the pandemic from the How Couples Meet and Stay Together surveys from 2017, 2020 and 2022. We analyze potential correlates of relationship outcomes including education, children at home, gender, time spent together and pre-pandemic relationship quality. Subjects were three times as likely to describe pandemic relationship benefits compared to harms. Couples in high quality relationships were especially resilient to pandemic stresses, and derived benefits from more time together. Couples made meaning out of the pandemic and used the normalcy of their domestic situations to make a common front against an external threat.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Michael J. Rosenfeld: Stanford University
E-mail: mrosenfe@stanford.edu

Sonia Hausen: Stanford University

Responsibilities: The article grew from conversations between Rosenfeld and Hausen. Rosenfeld wrote the grants to gather the data. Hausen had primary responsibility for coding the open-ended question about how the pandemic affected relationships. Rosenfeld performed the analyses and wrote the article with feedback from Hausen.

Acknowledgements: Data were gathered through the support of the National Science Foundation grant SES 2030593 (funding HCMST 2020 and 2022), and a grant from the United Parcel Service endowment at Stanford University (funding HCMST 2017). An earlier version of the article was presented at the Population Association of America meetings, 2022. For feedback, thanks to Kimberly Higuera, Hannah Tessler, Stanford’s Graduate FamilyWorkshop, and to anonymous reviewers. Replication statement: The HCMST 2017-2022 data, documentation, and a replication package for Tables 1-6 are available at https://data.stanford.edu/hcmst2017. The HCMST data and documentation have been deposited to and will eventually be available from ICPSR as well (timing subject to ICPSR’s production schedule for curated datasets). The open-ended text answers, in edited form, will be deposited to ICPSR and will be available as a restricted dataset addition to HCMST 2017-2022.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Rosenfeld, Michael J., and Sonia Hausen. 2023. “Resilience and Stress in Romantic Relationships in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic” Sociological Science 10:472-500.
  • Received: May 15, 2023
  • Accepted: June 12, 2023
  • Editors: Ari Adut, Kristen Schilt
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a17


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"Looking for It in Genetix": Response to Comment

By on July 10, 2023 in Articles

Mads Meier Jæger, Stine Møllegaard

Sociological Science July 10, 2023
10.15195/v10.a16

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Mads Meier Jæger: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: mmj@soc.ku.dk

Stine Møllegaard: The Danish Evaluation Institute
E-mail: SPE@eva.dk

  • Citation: Jæger, Mads Meier, and Stine Møllegaard. 2023. “‘Looking for It in Genetix’: Response to Comment.” Sociological Science 10: 467-471.
  • Received: March 1, 2023
  • Accepted: March 3, 2023
  • Editors: Arnout van de Rijt
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a16


Eurythmics or Xenakis? Cultural Tastes (Are Not Made of Genes): Comment on Jæger and Møllegaard, “Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences”

Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences

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Eurythmics or Xenakis? Cultural Tastes (Are Not Made of Genes): Comment on Jæger and Møllegaard, "Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences"

By on July 10, 2023 in Articles

Julien Larrègue, Frédéric Lebaron, Hervé Perdry, Nicolas Robette

Sociological Science July 10, 2023
10.15195/v10.a15

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Julien Larrègue: Département de sociologie, Université Laval – Centre interuniversitaire de recherche sur la science et la technologie, Quebec, Canada
E-mail: julien.larregue@ulaval.ca

Frédéric Lebaron: IDHES, CNRS, École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, and Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
E-mail: frederic.lebaron@ens-paris-saclay.fr

Hervé Perdry: CESP Inserm U1018, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France
E-mail: herve.perdry@inserm.fr

Nicolas Robette: Laboratoire Printemps, UMR8085, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Guyancourt, France
E-mail: nicolas.robette@uvsq.fr

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Larrègue, Julien, Frédéric Lebaron, Hervé Perdry, and Nicolas Robette. 2023. “Eurythmics or Xenakis? Cultural Tastes (Are Not Made of Genes): Comment on Jæger and Møllegaard, ‘Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences.'” Sociological Science 10: 454-466.
  • Received: November 18, 2022
  • Accepted: February 20, 2023
  • Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Jeremy Freese
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a15


Where Do Cultural Tastes Come From? Genes, Environments, or Experiences

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Money, Birth, Gender: Explaining Unequal Earnings Trajectories following Parenthood

By on May 17, 2023 in Articles

Weverthon Machado, Eva Jaspers

Sociological Science May 17, 2023
10.15195/v10.a14

Abstract

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Using population register data from the Netherlands, we analyze the child penalty for new parents in three groups of couples: different-sex and female same-sex couples with a biological child and different-sex couples with an adopted child. With a longitudinal design, we follow parents’ earnings from two years before to eight years after the arrival of the child and use event study models to estimate the effects of the transition to parenthood on earnings trajectories. Comparing different groups of couples allows us to test hypotheses related to three types of within-couple differences that are difficult to disentangle when studying only heterosexual biological parents: relative earnings, childbearing, and gender. Our results offer strong support for gender as the main driver of divergent child penalties. The gender of their partners is more consequential for mothers’ earnings trajectories than is childbearing or the pre-parenthood relative earnings in the couple.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Weverthon Machado: Corresponding author. Department of Sociology, Utrecht University
E-mail: w.barbosamachado@uu.nl

Eva Jaspers: Department of Sociology, Utrecht University
E-mail: e.jaspers@uu.nl

Acknowledgments: We are grateful for valuable feedback from members of the GENPARENT project, namely, Marie Evertsson, Maaike van der Vleuten, Ylva Moberg, Allison Geerts, and Madeleine Eriksson Kirsch. Previous versions of his article were presented at theWork and Family seminar of the Department of Sociology at Utrecht University, the Inter-university Working Group on Social Inequality and Life Courses (ISOL), the Work and Family Researchers Network (WFRN) conference 2022, the European Population Conference (EPC) 2022, the European Consortium for Sociological Research (ECSR) conference 2022, and the ODISSEI Conference for Social Science in the Netherlands 2022. We thank participants in these sessions for their comments and suggestions.

Funding: This work was funded by the European Research Council under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, ERC Consolidator Grant (no. 771770) awarded to principal investigator Marie Evertsson. We also benefited from the support of ODISSEI, the Open Data Infrastructure for Social Science and Economic Innovations.

Data availability: We use population register data provided by Statistics Netherlands. The data are not publicly available, but interested researchers can, subject to eligibility, apply for access. See instructions at https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/onze-diensten/customised-services-microdata/microdata-conducting-your-own-research. Code for reproducing our analyses is available at https://osf.io/gmcjv/.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Machado, Weverthon, and Eva Jaspers. 2023. “Money, Birth, Gender: Explaining Unequal Earnings Trajectories following Parenthood.” Sociological Science 10: 429-453.
  • Received: January 3, 2023
  • Accepted: March 21, 2023
  • Editors: Ari Adut, Vida Maralani
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a14


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Differences in the Risk of Grade Retention for Biracial and Monoracial Students in the United States, 2010 to 2019

By on May 15, 2023 in Articles

Aaron Gullickson

Sociological Science May 15, 2023
10.15195/v10.a13

Abstract

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Understanding how outcomes for biracial individuals compare with those for their monoracial peers is critical for understanding how patterns of racial inequality in the contemporary United States might be shifting. Yet, we know very little about the life chances of biracial individuals because of limitations in most available data sources. In this article, I utilize American Community Survey data from 2010 to 2019 to examine the risk of being clearly behind expected grade among biracial and monoracial K-12 students, helping to fill a gap in our understanding. With large sample sizes for most biracial groups, I am able to estimate grade retention risk for biracial students with enough precision to differentiate even modest differences in risk relative to monoracial groups. The results indicate that for most biracial groups, biracial students have risk similar to their lower-risk monoracial constituent group. Although biracial students tend to have favorable family resource characteristics, controlling for these characteristics does little to change the overall placement of their outcomes.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Aaron Gullickson: University of Oregon, Sociology
E-mail: aarong@uoregon.edu

Acknowledgments: Supplementary materials provided with this article include full model results upon which figures are based as well as any sensitivity analysis described herein. All code and data for this project are available at https://osf.io/4fevt/?view_only=4abc6d86595c4313a8d4792471e9bc0d.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Gullickson, Aaron. 2023. “Differences in the Risk of Grade Retention for Biracial and Monoracial Students in the United States, 2010 to 2019.” Sociological Science 10: 403-428.
  • Received: January 9, 2023
  • Accepted: March 17, 2023
  • Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Filiz Garip
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a13


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Income Inequality and Residential Segregation in "Egalitarian" Sweden: Lessons from a Least Likely Case

By on May 10, 2023 in Articles

Selcan Mutgan, Jonathan J. B. Mijs

Sociological Science May 10, 2023
10.15195/v10.a12

Abstract

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Drawing on individual-level full-population data from Sweden, spanning four decades, we investigate the joint growth of income inequality and income segregation. We study Sweden as a “least likely” case comparison with the United States, given Sweden’s historically low levels of inequality and its comprehensive welfare state. Against the background of U.S.-based scholarship documenting a close link between inequality and segregation, our study provides an important insight into the universality of this relationship. Using entropy-based segregation measures, we analyze trends and patterns of income segregation between and within income groups along different sociodemographic dimensions—migration background and family type. Our findings reveal that growing income inequality in the last 30 years has been accompanied by a sharp uptake in income segregation, especially for the bottom quartile of the income distribution who are facing increasing isolation. Income segregation is most extensive for individuals with children in the household, among whom it has increased at a higher rate than those without children. Interestingly, income segregation is lower among non-Western minorities than among majority-group Swedes. We conclude that changes to the welfare state, liberalization of the housing market, and rapid demographic changes have led Sweden onto a path that is difficult to distinguish from that taken by the United States.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Selcan Mutgan: Department of Management and Engineering, Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University
E-mail: selcan.mutgan@liu.se

Jonathan J. B. Mijs: Department of Sociology, Boston University; Department of Public Administration and Sociology, Erasmus University Rotterdam
E-mail: mijs@bu.edu

Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Maria Brandén, Jackelyn Hwang, Peter Hedström, and Jaap Nieuwenhuis for helpful feedback and comments on earlier versions of this manuscript. For their parts in the research on which the results are based, S.M. received funding from the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet), grant numbers DNR 340-2013-5460, 445-2013-7681, and DNR 2020-02488, and J.J.B.M. received funding from a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship, EU Commission Horizon 2020 grant number 88296, and a Veni grant (number VI.Veni.201S.003) from the Dutch Research Council.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Mutgan, Selcan, and Jonathan J. B. Mijs. 2023. “Income Inequality and Residential Segregation in ‘Egalitarian’ Sweden: Lessons from a Least Likely Case.” Sociological Science 10:374-402.
  • Received: December 9, 2022
  • Accepted: January 14, 2023
  • Editors: Ari Adut, Cristobal Young
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a12


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Recreating a Plausible Future: Combining Cultural Repertoires in Unsettled Times

By on May 3, 2023 in Articles

Shira Zilberstein, Michèle Lamont, Mari Sanchez

Sociological Science May 3, 2023
10.15195/v10.a11

Abstract

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This article analyzes how young adults draw on cultural resources to understand their identities, aspirations, and goals when taken-for-granted scripts of success are perceived as less desirable or achievable. Drawing on pragmatism, we propose the concept of “plausible futures” to capture how people rearrange elements within cultural repertoires as a practical and moral project to define their identities, aspirations, and goals. We draw on interviews with 80 college students concerning how they understand their future aspirations, including how they define personal success and broader social goals, when they face unpredictability in, and dissatisfaction with, achieving dominant meritocratic and socioeconomic ideals. We find that respondents combine elements from four cultural repertoires to work toward and envision their future: the American dream and neoliberalism, the therapeutic culture, ordinary cosmopolitanisms, and a “Gen Z” cohort narrative. The combining of elements from each repertoire enables a hybrid set of cultural tools that hold to tenets of hard work and self-reliance while accommodating the quest for greater recognition and inclusion. We show that respondents combine cultural elements based on their ability to connect elements to futures perceived as viable and valuable.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Shira Zilberstein: Department of Sociology, Harvard University
E-mail: szilberstein@fas.harvard.edu

Michèle Lamont: Department of Sociology, Harvard University
E-mail: mlamont@wjh.harvard.edu

Mari Sanchez: Department of Sociology, Harvard University
E-mail: mjsanchez@g.harvard.edu

Acknowledgments: Michèle Lamont acknowledges a residential fellowship at the Russell Sage Foundation (2019–20) and a Carnegie Fellowship (2019–21). The authors thank the other members of the research team: Laura Adler, Jonathan Cook, Elena Ayala-Hurtado, Nicole Letourneau, Derek Robey, and Priya Thelapurath. We also thank Lisa Albert and Kathleen Hoover for their technical assistance. This article benefited from comments from members of the American Sociological Association panel on Between Collapse and Utopia; the Culture workshop at New York University; the Race, Ethnicity, and Migration Workshop at Columbia University; and the Comparative Inequality and Inclusion Cluster, Culture and Social Analysis Workshop, and “Inside the Sausage Factory” workshop at Harvard University. We thank the following colleagues for their comments: Francesca Polletta, Manja Klemencic, Ann Mische, and Elena Ayala-Hurtado.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Zilberstein, Shira, Michèle Lamont, and Mari Sanchez. 2023. “Recreating a Plausible Future: Combining Cultural Repertoires in Unsettled Times.” Sociological Science 10: 348-373.
  • Received: August 27, 2022
  • Accepted: March 14, 2023
  • Editors: Ari Adut, Stephen Vaisey
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a11


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Marginal Odds Ratios: What They Are, How to Compute Them, and Why Sociologists Might Want to Use Them

By on April 27, 2023 in Articles

Kristian Bernt Karlson, Ben Jann

Sociological Science April 27, 2023
10.15195/v10.a10

Abstract

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As sociologists are increasingly turning away from using odds ratios, reporting average marginal effects is becoming more popular. We aim to restore the use of odds ratios in sociological research by introducing marginal odds ratios. Unlike conventional odds ratios, marginal odds ratios are not affected by omitted covariates in arbitrary ways. Marginal odds ratios thus behave like average marginal effects but retain the relative effect interpretation of the odds ratio. We argue that marginal odds ratios are well suited for much sociological inquiry and should be reported as a complement to the reporting of average marginal effects. We define marginal odds ratios in terms of potential outcomes, show their close relationship to average marginal effects, and discuss their potential advantages over conventional odds ratios. We also briefly discuss how to estimate marginal odds ratios and present examples comparing marginal odds ratios with conventional odds ratios and average marginal effects.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kristian Bernt Karlson: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: kbk@soc.ku.dk

Ben Jann: Institute of Sociology, University of Bern
E-mail: ben.jann@unibe.ch

Acknowledgments: We thank the following for invaluable comments and feedback: Tim Liao, Mike Hout, Rudolf Farys, and Jesper Fels Birkelund, as well as participants at the Hans Schadee Research Methods Center Seminar on November 3, 2022, at Trento University; the Seminar on Analytical Sociology on November 14–17, 2022, at Venice International University; and the 2022 Swiss Stata Meeting on November 18, 2022, at University of Bern. For Kristian Bernt Karlson, the research leading to the results presented in this article has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 851293). Replication materials for the examples reported in this article are available here: https://osf.io/xkre6/.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Karlson, Kristian Bernt, and Ben Jann. 2023. “Marginal Odds Ratios: What They Are, How to Compute Them, and Why Sociologists Might Want to Use Them.” Sociological Science 10: 332-347.
  • Received: January 31, 2023
  • Accepted: February 17, 2023
  • Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Stephen Vaisey
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a10


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From Social Alignment to Social Control: Reporting the Taliban in Afghanistan

By on April 17, 2023 in Articles

Patrick Bergemann, Austin L. Wright

Sociological Science April 17, 2023
10.15195/v10.a9

Abstract

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In many settings, witnesses can report wrongdoing to internal authorities such as officials within an organization or to external authorities such as the police. We theorize this decision of where to report as rooted in the policing of group boundaries, as the use of different reporting channels symbolically affirms or disaffirms affiliation with different social categories. As such, both witnesses and other social actors have an interest in where witnesses report. We evaluate this theory using villagers’ reporting of illegal Taliban activity in Afghanistan in 2017 and 2018, where witnesses could report externally (e.g., to the national police) or internally (e.g., to village elders). We show how responses to wrongdoing arose from the interaction between self and others’ attitudes toward the Taliban, and we reveal how reporting can be simultaneously punitive for the wrongdoer and affiliative for the category to which the wrongdoer belongs.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Patrick Bergemann: Paul Merage School of Business, University of California, Irvine
E-mail: pbergema@uci.edu

Austin L. Wright: Harris School of Public Policy, The University of Chicago
E-mail: austinlw@uchicago.edu

Acknowledgments: The authors are grateful to the U.S. Military for granting access to the survey materials used in this study. A particular debt of gratitude is owed to Phil Eles, senior research scientist at NATO, for providing continued support for this research and related projects. The authors would also like to thank Amanda Sharkey and Daniel Karell for their helpful comments. This article benefited from presentations at the Comparative Research Workshop at Yale University and at the Paul Merage School of Business at the University of California, Irvine.

  • Citation: Bergemann, Patrick, and Austin L. Wright. 2023. “From Social Alignment to Social Control: Reporting the Taliban in Afghanistan.” Sociological Science 10: 286-331.
  • Received: January 12, 2023
  • Accepted: February 19, 2023
  • Editors: Ari Adut, Andreas Wimmer
  • DOI: 10.15195/v10.a9


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