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High-cost financial services allow economically insecure families to make ends meet but often contribute to additional financial strain in the long run. This study uses novel data from the Shift Project to describe the link between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt (i.e., payday loans, pawnshop loans, auto-title loans, overdrafts, and problematic credit card debt) among service workers. First, it compares the relative magnitude of the associations between high-cost debt, schedule unpredictability, and levels of income. Second, it investigates whether income volatility mediates the relationship between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt. Finally, it describes whether the link between schedule unpredictability and high-cost debt varies by institutional and policy contexts. Results indicate that schedule unpredictability is a substantively meaningful, independent, and understudied dimension of inequality in financial outcomes.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Mariana Amorim: Department of Sociology, Washington State University
E-mail: mariana.amorim@wsu.edu

Daniel Schneider: Department of Sociology, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University
E-mail: dschneider@hks.harvard.edu

Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge support from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant INV-002665), the RobertWood Johnson Foundation (award 74528), and theW. T. Grant Foundation (grant 188043). The findings and conclusions contained within are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of these foundations. We also thank Timothy Flake for his feedback on corporate programs addressing financial well-being, Megan Bea for the suggestion to use the State-Mandated Education Database, and Evelyn Bellew and Annette Gailliot for research assistance.

Citation: Amorim, Mariana, and Daniel Schneider. 2022. “Schedule Unpredictability and High-Cost Debt: The Case of Service Workers.” Sociological Science 9:102-135.
Received: November 10, 2021
Accepted: January 17, 2022
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Cristobal Young
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a5

The Religious Work Ethic and the Spirit of Patriarchy: Religiosity and the Gender Gap in Working for Its Own Sake, 1977 to 2018

By Parker Webservices on March 9, 2022 in Articles

Landon Schnabel, Cyrus Schleifer, Eman Abdelhadi, Samuel L. Perry

Sociological Science March 9, 2022
10.15195/v9.a4

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Societal beliefs about women’s work have long been a metric for gender equality, with recent scholarship focusing on trends in these attitudes to assess the progress (or stalling) of the gender revolution. Moving beyond widely critiqued gender attitude questions thought to be the only available items for measuring change over time, this article considers women’s and men’s views toward their own work over the last half century. Traditional gender scripts frame women’s labor force participation as less than ideal, something to do if financially necessary but not because work is intrinsically rewarding. Historically, this gender frame was reinforced by religion. We examine the gender gap in working for its own sake over time and whether and how religious involvement moderates these trends. Overall, the gender gap has declined to the point where it is now virtually nonexistent. However, religious involvement acts as a countervailing influence, bolstering the gap such that frequently attending men and women have not yet converged in their desire to work. Although the most religious Americans have not yet converged, men’s dropping desire to work and women’s rising desire to work are society-wide trends, and even the most religious Americans could be expected to converge at some point in the future. Traditionalist institutions contribute to unevenness in the gender revolution, but preferences cannot explain the persistent society-wide precarity of women’s work: Women now prefer to work for work’s sake at the same rate men do.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Landon Schnabel: Department of Sociology, Cornell University
E-mail: schnabel@cornell.edu

Cyrus Schleifer: Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma
E-mail: cyrus.schleifer@ou.edu

Eman Abdelhadi: Department of Comparative Human Development, University of Chicago
E-mail: abdelhadi@uchicago.edu

Samuel L. Perry: Department of Sociology, University of Oklahoma
E-mail: samperry@ou.edu

Acknowledgments: Direct correspondence to Landon Schnabel, Department of Sociology, Cornell University, 323 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853. Email: schnabel@cornell.edu. The authors would like to thank Paula England, Brian Powell, and participants in the Cornell Center for the Study of Inequality Discussion Group for helpful feedback.

Citation: Schnabel, Landon, Cyrus Schleifer, Eman Abdelhadi, and Samuel L. Perry. 2022. “The Religious Work Ethic and the Spirit of Patriarchy: Religiosity and the Gender Gap in Working for Its Own Sake, 1977 to 2018.” Sociological Science 9: 75-101.
Received: October 26, 2021
Accepted: January 6, 2022
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Gabriel Rossman
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a4

Dog Whistles and Work Hours: The Political Activation of Labor Market Discrimination

By Parker Webservices on March 2, 2022 in Articles

Adam Goldstein, Tod Hamilton

Sociological Science March 2, 2022
10.15195/v9.a3

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Many commentators have suggested that Donald Trump’s 2016 election emboldened discrimination against racial minorities. We focus on changes in weekly work hours among hourly paid employees during the five months following the 2016 election (relative to 12 months prior). Using two-wave panel data from the Current Population Survey, we find that black workers suffered temporary work hours and earnings losses relative to white workers in areas where Trump received greater electoral support. There were no within-person declines among non-Hispanic whites in high-Trump-support areas or among any groups in lower-Trump-support areas. These patterns are not driven by seasonality, industrial composition, or pre-election trends, suggesting that Trump’s victory exacerbated racial disparities where he received strong electoral support. The findings reveal how political events can catalyze surges of discriminatory behavior in labor markets over the short to medium term, and they provide new evidence about the effects of Trump’s early presidency on U.S. race relations.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Adam Goldstein: Department of Sociology and School of International and Public Affairs, Princeton University
E-mail: amg5@princeton.edu

Tod Hamilton: Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University
E-mail: todh@princeton.edu

Acknowledgments: The authors thank seminar participants at Princeton University and Duke University for helpful comments.

Citation: Goldstein, Adam, and Tod Hamilton. 2022. “Dog Whistles and Work Hours: The Political Activation of Labor Market Discrimination.” Sociological Science 9: 40-74.
Received: December 7, 2021
Accepted: December 19, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Mario Small
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a3

Education and Social Fluidity: A Reweighting Approach

By Parker Webservices on February 23, 2022 in Articles

Kristian Bernt Karlson

Sociological Science February 23, 2022
10.15195/v9.a2

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Although sociologists have devoted considerable attention to studying the role of education in intergenerational social class mobility using log-linear models for contingency tables, indings in this literature are not free from rescaling or non-collapsibility bias caused by adjusting for education in these models. Drawing on the methodological literature on inverse probability reweighting, I present a straightforward standardization approach free from this bias. The approach reweighs in an initial step the mobility table cell frequencies to create a pseudo-population in which social class origins and education are independent of each other, after which one can apply any loglinear model to the reweighted mobility table. In contrast to the Karlson-Holm-Breen method, the approach yields coefficients that are comparable across different studies because they are unaffected by education’s predictive power of class destinations. Moreover, the approach is easily applied to models for various types of mobility patterns such as those in the core model of fluidity; it yields a single summary measure of overall mediation; and it can incorporate several mediating variables, allowing researchers to control for additional merit proxies such as cognitive skills or potential confounders such as age. I illustrate the utility of the approach in four empirical examples.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kristian Bernt Karlson: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: kbk@soc.ku.dk

Acknowledgments: The research leading to the results presented in this article has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 851293).

Citation: Karlson, Kristian Bernt. 2022. “Education and Social Fluidity: A Reweighting Approach.” Sociological Science 9: 27-39.
Received: September 9, 2021
Accepted: December 16, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Filiz Garip
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a2

Prejudice, Bigotry, and Support for Compensatory Interventions to Address Black–White Inequalities: Evidence from the General Social Survey, 2006 to 2020

By Parker Webservices on January 10, 2022 in Articles

Stephen L. Morgan

Sociological Science January 10, 2022
10.15195/v9.a1

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The General Social Survey (GSS) shows that many self-identified white adults continue to hold racial attitudes that can be regarded, collectively, as a persistent social problem. Similar to findings from the analysis of electoral surveys, the GSS also shows that these racial attitudes have more strongly predicted political behavior since 2012. However, and in contrast to group-identity interpretations of these patterns, the increase in predictive power since 2012 is attributable to a positive development: above and beyond the effects of cohort replacement, support for compensatory interventions to address black–white inequalities has increased substantially, whereas prejudice and bigotry have decreased slightly. Because these changes have been larger on the political left than on the political right, the attitudes have gained in overall predictive power.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Stephen L. Morgan: Department of Sociology, Johns Hopkins University
E-mail: stephen.morgan@jhu.edu

Acknowledgments: I thank the editor and a deputy editor for their wise suggestions.

Citation: Morgan, Stephen L. 2021. “Prejudice, Bigotry, and Support for Compensatory Interventions to Address Black–White Inequalities: Evidence from the General Social Survey, 2006 to 2020.” Sociological Science 9: 1-26.
Received: November 15, 2021
Accepted: December 12, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Peter Bearman
DOI: 10.15195/v9.a1

Leapfrogging the Melting Pot? European Immigrants' Intergenerational Mobility across the Twentieth Century

By Parker Webservices on December 17, 2021 in Articles

Kendal Lowrey, Jennifer Van Hook, James D. Bachmeier, Thomas B. Foster

Sociological Science December 17, 2021
10.15195/v8.a23

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During the early twentieth century, industrial-era European immigrants entered the United States with lower levels of education than the U.S. average. However, empirical research has yielded unclear and inconsistent evidence about the extent and pace of their integration, leaving openings for arguments that contest the narrative that these groups experienced rapid integration and instead assert that educational deficits among lower-status groups persisted across multiple generations. Here, we advance another argument, that European immigrants may have “leapfrogged” or exceeded U.S.-born non-Hispanic white attainment by the third generation. To assess these ideas, we reconstituted three-generation families by linking individuals across the 1940 census; years 1973, 1979, and 1981 to 1990 of the Current Population Survey; the 2000 census; and years 2001 to 2017 of the American Community Survey. Results show that most European immigrant groups not only caught up with U.S.-born whites by the second generation but surpassed them, and this advantage further increased in the third generation. This research provides a new understanding of the time to integration for twentieth-century European immigrant groups by showing that they integrated at a faster pace than previously thought, indicative of a process of accelerated upward mobility.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kendal Lowrey: Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University
E-mail: kll289@psu.edu

Jennifer Van Hook: Department of Sociology and Criminology, The Pennsylvania State University
E-mail: jxv21@psu.edu

James D. Bachmeier: Department of Sociology, Temple University
E-mail: james.bachmeier@temple.edu

Thomas B. Foster: Center for Economic Studies, U.S. Census Bureau
E-mail: thomas.b.foster@census.gov

Acknowledgments: We acknowledge assistance provided by the Russell Sage Foundation; the U.S. Census Bureau; the Population Research Institute at Penn State University, which is supported by an infrastructure grant by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P2CHD041025); and the National Institutes of Health under the Social Environments and Population Health Training Program (T-32HD007514), as well as Peter Catron for his helpful comments on our paper at the 2021 Population Association of America research conference and the 2021 Data-Intensive Research Conference.

Disclaimer: Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau’s Disclosure Review Board has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and have approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied to this release. DRB Approval Number: CBDRB-FY21-039.

Citation: Lowrey, Kendal, Jennifer Van Hook, James D. Bachmeier, and Thomas B. Foster. 2021. “Leapfrogging the Melting Pot? European Immigrants’ Intergenerational Mobility across the Twentieth Century.” Sociological Science 8: 480-512.
Received: October 22, 2021
Accepted: November 14, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Richard Breen
DOI: 10.15195/v8.a23

Collaborative Practices in Crisis Science: Interdisciplinary Research Challenges and the Syrian War

By Parker Webservices on December 10, 2021 in Articles

Fiona Greenland, Michelle D. Fabiani

Sociological Science December 10, 2021
10.15195/v8.a22

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Crises present the scientific community with unusual demands, including the need for rapid solutions. This can translate into a greatly compressed time frame that curtails data collection and analysis procedures used in “normal” science. Researchers cope with these demands, while maintaining professional standards and a personal commitment to producing reliable work, by engaging in what we call performed separations. These are practices that allow people to adopt an ethical epistemic position while operating within constrained and urgent research situations. We distill the core features and effects of performed separations in the case of experts working to study archaeological looting in wartime Syria. We look specifically at how different practices of control allow for varying degrees of separation and the production of knowledge claims. By extension, performed separations facilitate making ethical claims about one’s role in the production of research and use of findings.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Fiona Greenland: Department of Sociology, University of Virginia
E-mail: fg5t@virginia.edu

Michelle D. Fabiani: Criminal Justice Department, University of New Haven
E-mail: mfabiani@newhaven.edu

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Madeleine Peterson and Grant Tabler for research assistance and James Evans, William Greenland, and two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments and questions. Earlier versions of this article were presented to the Human-Machine Intelligence group (HMI) at the University of Virginia and the Technology, Knowledge, and Society annual meeting in 2020. Support for this research was generously provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation (award no. 1754992).

Citation: Greenland, Fiona, and Michelle D. Fabiani. 2021. “Collaborative Practices in Crisis Science: Interdisciplinary Research Challenges and the Syrian War.” Sociological Science 8: 455-479.
Received: April 27, 2021
Accepted: June 13, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Mario Small
DOI: 10.15195/v8.a22

The Rise of the Nones across the United States, 1973 to 2018: State-Level Trends of Religious Affiliation and Participation in the General Social Survey

By Parker Webservices on December 2, 2021 in Articles

Dingeman Wiertz, Chaeyoon Lim

Sociological Science December 2, 2021
10.15195/v8.a21

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Although there has been a fast rise in the share of Americans reporting no religion, it is unclear whether this trend has affected different parts of the country equally. Against this backdrop, we apply dynamic multilevel regression and poststratification (Dynamic MRP) to General Social Survey data over the period 1973 to 2018 to estimate state-level religious trends. We validate our estimates against external benchmarks, finding that they perform well in terms of predictive accuracy. Substantively, we find steeper increases in the share of religious nones in states that had more nones to begin with. Moreover, whereas state-level increases in the share of religious nones are strongly linked to declines in occasional church attendance and moderate religious identification, the associations with trends in regular attendance and strong identification are much weaker. States have thus not only diverged in their share of religious nones but also experienced different degrees of religious polarization.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Dingeman Wiertz: UCL Social Research Institute, University College London
E-mail: d.wiertz@ucl.ac.uk

Chaeyoon Lim: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
E-mail: chaeyoon.lim@wisc.edu

Acknowledgments: The authors would like to express their gratitude to Mauricio Javier Rodriguez, Roberto Cerina, and Thees Spreckelsen for valuable advice and support. Dingeman Wiertz acknowledges support from the British Academy through a postdoctoral fellowship (grant number PF2180064).

Citation: Wiertz, Dingeman, andb Chaeyoon Lim. 2021. “The Rise of the Nones across the United States, 1973 to 2018: State-Level Trends of Religious Affiliation and Participation in the General Social Survey.” Sociological Science 8: 429-454.
Received: June 30, 2021
Accepted: July 17, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Richard Breen
DOI: 10.15195/v8.a21

Segregated in Social Space: The Spatial Structure of Acquaintanceship Networks

By Parker Webservices on November 29, 2021 in Articles

Barum Park

Sociological Science November 29, 2021
10.15195/v8.a20

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With deepening cleavages on several social dimensions, social fragmentation has become a major concern across the social sciences. This article proposes a spatial approach to study the segregation pattern of acquaintanceship ties across multiple social dimensions simultaneously. A Bayesian unfolding model is developed and fitted to the 2006 General Social Survey. Results suggests that the segregation pattern of reported acquaintanceship ties reflect consolidated socioeconomic inequalities. Furthermore, among the 13 analyzed social groups, gay and lesbian people were the least segregated group in 2006, implying that individuals with very different network compositions had similar probabilities to know someone who is gay or lesbian. Lastly, contradicting previous findings that ideology and religiosity segregate acquaintanceship networks to an extent that rivals race, it is found that race stands out as the dominant dimension that shapes the distribution of these relationships.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Barum Park: Department of Sociology, Cornell University
E-mail: b.park@cornell.edu

Acknowledgments: I am grateful to Delia Baldassarri, Siwei Cheng, Ned Crowley, Paul DiMaggio, Mike Hout, Harris Hyun-Soo Kim, Byungkyu Lee, Jeff Manza, John Levi Martin, Oscar Stuhler, and LarryWu for their invaluable comments. This article was presented in the Inequality Workshop at New York University, the Annual Conference of the Association of Korean Sociologists in America in 2018, and the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting in 2018. All remaining errors are my own.

Citation: Park, Barum. 2021. “Segregated in Social Space: The Spatial Structure of Acquaintanceship Networks.” Sociological Science 8: 397-428.
Received: August 15, 2019
Accepted: October 3, 2021
Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Olav Sorenson
DOI: 10.15195/v8.a20

The Link between Social and Structural Integration: Co- and Interethnic Friendship Selection and Social Influence within Adolescent Social Networks

By Parker Webservices on November 22, 2021 in Articles

Georg Lorenz, Zerrin Salikutluk, Zsófia Boda, Malte Jansen, Miles Hewstone

Sociological Science November 22, 2021
10.15195/v8.a19

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Assimilation theories argue that social ties with majority-group members enhance the structural integration of ethnic minority members, whereas under certain conditions, coethnic social ties can also benefit minority members’ socioeconomic outcomes. We examine these propositions through a social network perspective, focusing on friendship networks and educational expectations in adolescence, during which peer socialization is crucial. Longitudinal data from 1,992 adolescents in 91 classrooms allow us to investigate co- and interethnic social selection and social influence processes as well as their aggregated outcomes. In terms of friendship selection, we find that Turkishorigin minority adolescents in Germany have distinct preferences for friends with high educational expectations, among both co- and interethnic peers. In contrast, social influence on Turkish-minority adolescents’ educational expectations is not uniform: only majority-group friends exert a significant (positive) influence. Our results emphasize that bridging social capital gained from social ties with majority-group members enhances ethnic minority adolescents’ educational integration.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Georg Lorenz: Institute for Educational Quality Improvement (IQB), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
E-mail: Georg.Lorenz@iqb.hu-berlin.de

Zerrin Salikutluk: Berlin Institute for Integration and Migration Research (BIM), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
E-mail: Zerrin.Salikutluk@hu-berlin.de

Zsófia Boda: Department of Sociology and Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex
E-mail: zsofia.boda@essex.ac.uk

Malte Jansen: Institute for Educational Quality Improvement (IQB), Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Centre for International Student Assessment (ZIB)
E-mail: Malte.Jansen@iqb.hu-berlin.de

Miles Hewstone: University of Oxford
E-mail: Miles.Hewstone@new.ox.ac.uk

Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge financial support from the Volkswagen Foundation (project ISONET, funding number 93 489). The responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors.