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Sociology has recently seen a surge of interest in implicit culture, which refers to knowledge, habits, and feelings that are largely automatic and habitual. In this article, I argue that certain expressions of implicit culture may be more contextual and malleable than previously thought. The argument is illustrated by showing how terror attacks in France affect implicit bias toward Arab Muslims. By analyzing the longevity and specificity of this effect, I also detail when and why implicit bias might change. The article consists of two studies. Study 1 shows that the attacks significantly increased implicit bias in France (n = 449), whereas Study 2 shows that the attacks had a similar effect globally (n = 25795). There was no corresponding effect on explicit bias in either study. I discuss the implications of the findings for research on terror attacks, implicit bias, and implicit culture.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Filip Olsson: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University
E-mail: filip.olsson@sociology.su.se

Acknowledgements: I am thankful to Magnus Bygren, Moa Bursell, and Daniel Ritter for insightful comments and suggestions.

Replication Package: All data used are publicly available at https://osf.io/y9hiq/ and https://osf.io/kaqi5/. A replication package with R code is available at https://osf.io/j5wxu/

Citation: Olsson, Filip. 2024. “Implicit Terror: A Natural Experiment on How Terror Attacks Affect Implicit Bias.” Sociological Science 11: 379-412.
Received: January 17, 2024
Accepted: March 6, 2024
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Stephen Vaisey
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a14

Every Forest Has Its Shadow: The Demographics of Concealment in the United States

By Parker Webservices on April 5, 2024 in Articles

Maria S. Grigoryeva, Blaine G. Robbins

Sociological Science April 5, 2024
10.15195/v11.a13

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This article examines what people conceal, who conceals from whom, and whether there are demographic differences in how much and what people conceal. We map concealment using a two-wave probability survey and behavioral experiment of U.S. adults (N = 1,281). Our survey measures self-reports of 37 different concealable attitudes, behaviors, and characteristics over a 12-month period, whereas the experiment provides a concrete behavioral measure of concealment. These data yield four principal findings. First, misinformation is commonplace in the United States, but it varies depending on what is being concealed. Second, certain demographic characteristics, such as age, predict rates of concealment, the proportion of things concealed, and lying in a behavioral experiment. Third, most demographic groups are similar in how much they conceal, but all demographic groups differ in what they conceal. Fourth, although some types of strong ties are more likely to be targets of concealment than weak ties, there is greater heterogeneity in concealment across different kinds of strong ties than between strong ties and weak ties, with spouses and partners being concealed from the least, on average. We conclude by discussing implications for theory and research on concealment.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Maria S. Grigoryeva: Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi
E-mail: mg5446@nyu.edu

Blaine G. Robbins: Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi
E-mail: bgr3@nyu.edu

Acknowledgements: The research reported here was financially supported by the Center for Behavioral Institutional Design and Tamkeen under the NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute Award CG005. We would like to thank Ozan Aksoy, Elisa Bienenstock, Sergio Lo Iacono, Jennifer Glanville, Craig Rawlings, Arnout van de Rijt, Tobias Rüttenauer, Burak Sonmez, Martina Testori, and the external reviewer for their comments and suggestions, and John Dombrowski and Stefan Subias of the National Opinion Research Center for their research assistance. An earlier version of this manuscript was presented to the Advanced Quantitative Group at the University College London and the 2023 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.

Replication Package: Data, code, the self-report concealment survey, and instructions for the sender-receiver game have been deposited in the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/293aw/).

Citation: Grigoryeva, Maria S., and Blaine G. Robbins. 2024. “Every Forest Has Its Shadow: The Demographics of Concealment in the United States.” Sociological Science 11: 340-378.
Received: December 15, 2023
Accepted: February 14, 2024
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Cristobal Young
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a13

Identity from Symbolic Networks: The Rise of New Hollywood

By Parker Webservices on April 2, 2024 in Articles

Katharina Burgdorf, Henning Hillmann

Sociological Science April 2, 2024
10.15195/v11.a12

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To what extent may individual autonomy persist under the constraints of group identity? This dualism is particularly salient in new movements that value individual creativity above all, and yet have to muster community cohesion to establish a new style. Using the case of New Hollywood in the 1960s and 1970s, the authors show how this movement reconciled the demands of collective identity and collaboration in film production with their commitment to the individual filmmaker’s artistic autonomy. Using information from the Internet Movie Database on 17,425 filmmakers who were active between 1930 and 1999, the authors show that a cohesive symbolic network, in which New Hollywood filmmakers shared references to a canon of revered films, served as a foundation for the collective identity of this new artistic movement. References include allusions to iconic scenes, settings, and shots of classic films. In contrast, collaborations in film projects yielded a fragmented network that did little to support the creative enterprise of New Hollywood. The evidence suggests that symbolic ties through shared citations allowed New Hollywood filmmakers to realize their vision of autonomous auteur filmmaking and to draw symbolic boundaries that separated them from the old Hollywood studio system.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Katharina Burgdorf: Department of Sociology, University of Bremen
E-mail: burgdorf@uni-bremen.de

Henning Hillmann: Department of Sociology, University of Mannheim
E-mail: hillmann@uni-mannheim.de

Acknowledgements: We thank Peter Bearman, Jennifer Lena, and Christina Gathmann for their detailed comments on earlier drafts. We also wish to thank Philipp Brandt, Mark Wittek, Elias Strehle, Florian Keusch, Rachel Skaggs, Tania Aparicio, Gillian Gualtieri, Philippa Chong, Laura Garbes, Etienne Ollion and participants of the CREST seminar, Sunbelt, NetGloW, and EUSN conference for their helpful feedback during various stages of this project.

Replication Package: All raw and prepared data and the code can be accessed via https://dataverse.harvard.edu/privateurl.xhtml?token=c81114da-6e97-44bb-9272-f19b302afcb9.

Citation: Burgdorf, Katharina, and Henning Hillmann. 2024. “Identity from Symbolic Networks: The Rise of New Hollywood.” Sociological Science 11: 297-339.
Received: June 30, 2023
Accepted: October 13, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Stephen Vaisey
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a12

The Effect of Workplace Raids on Academic Performance: Evidence from Texas

By Parker Webservices on March 28, 2024 in Articles

Sofia Avila

Sociological Science March 28, 2024
10.15195/v11.a11

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Workplace raids are visible and disruptive immigration enforcement operations that can result in the detention of hundreds of immigrants at one time. Despite concerns about the impact of raids on children’s well-being, there is limited research on how these tactics affect their academic performance. Using school-level testing data from 2015 to 2019, I compare changes in the performance of Hispanic students in schools close to a workplace raid to white students in the same schools and Hispanic students at control schools. I find exposure to a raid lowered the scores and passing rates of Hispanic students in standardized tests taken 40 days after the operation. I further find that students in schools closer to the raid experienced more pronounced drops in performance, but I do not detect strong evidence that performance decreases were caused by interruptions to schooling. These findings provide new evidence on the spillover effects of workplace raids, underscoring the potential role of immigration enforcement in generating disparities in Hispanic children’s educational outcomes.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Sofia Avila: Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University
E-mail: sofiaavila@princeton.edu

Acknowledgements: I am grateful for the helpful comments provided by Chris Felton, David Grusky, Max Pienkny, Brandon Stewart, Andres Villarreal, and Yu Xie. A very special thanks to Michelle Jackson for her guidance and advice.

Replication Package: Replication data and code can be found at https://osf.io/n7xzy/.

Citation: Avila, Sofia. 2024. “The Effect of Workplace Raids on Academic Performance: Evidence from Texas.” Sociological Science 11: 258-296.
Received: November 3, 2023
Accepted: January 23, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Vida Maralani
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a11

Can't Catch a Break: Intersectional Inequalities at Work

By Parker Webservices on March 25, 2024 in Articles

Kristen Harknett, Charlotte O’Herron, Evelyn Bellew

Sociological Science March 25, 2024
10.15195/v11.a10

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The labor market is the site of longstanding and persistent inequalities across race and gender groups in hiring, compensation, and advancement. In this paper, we draw on data from 13,574 hourly service-sector workers to extend the study of intersectional labor market inequalities to workers’ experience on the job. In the service sector, where workers are regularly expected to be on their feet for long hours and contend with intense and unrelenting workloads, regular break time is an essential component of job quality and general well-being. Yet, we find that Black women are less likely than their counterparts to get a break during their work shift. Although union membership and laws mandating work breaks are effective in increasing access to breaks for workers overall, they do not ameliorate the inequality Black women face in access to work breaks within the service sector. A sobering implication is that worker power and labor protections can raise the floor on working conditions but leave inequalities intact. Our findings also have implications for racial health inequalities, as the routine daily stress of the service sector takes a disproportionate toll on the health of Black women.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kristen Harknett: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco
E-mail: kristen.harknett@ucsf.edu

Charlotte O’Herron: Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Harvard University
E-mail: charlotteoherron@fas.harvard.edu

Evelyn Bellew: Harvard Kennedy School
E-mail: evelyn@bellew.net

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Institute on Aging (Grant No. R01AG066898), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Grant No. U19OH012293), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We received excellent research assistance from Connor Williams and Elizabeth Kuhlman. We are grateful for feedback from members of the California Labor Lab, Laura Dresser, and other participants in the Labor Employment Relations annual meeting.

Replication Package: Data and code for replication are available at Harvard’s Dataverse repository, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NJABRM.

Citation: Harknett, Kristen, Charlotte O’Herron and Evelyn Bellew. 2024. “Can’t Catch a Break: Intersectional Inequalities at Work.” Sociological Science 11: 233-257.
Received: April 28, 2023
Accepted: September 29, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Filiz Garip
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a10

Bridging the Digital Divide Narrows the Participation Gap: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment

By Parker Webservices on March 21, 2024 in Articles

Vincenz Frey, Delia S. Baldassarri, Francesco C. Billari

Sociological Science March 21, 2024
10.15195/v11.a9

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Socio-economic inequality in access to the internet has decreased in affluent societies. We investigate how gaining access to the internet affected the civic and political participation of relatively disadvantaged late adopters by studying a quasi-natural experiment related to the American National Election Studies. In 2012, when about 80% of the U.S. population was already connected to the internet, the ANES face-to-face study was for the first time supplemented with a sample of online respondents. Our design exploits the fact that the firm (KnowledgePanel) that conducted the web survey and provided the prerecruited respondents had equipped offline sample households with free laptop computers and internet access. The findings show that gaining internet access promotes late adopters’ civic participation and turnout, whereas there is no evidence for effects on the likelihood of political activism. These findings indicate that the closing of the digital divide alleviated participatory inequality.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Vincenz Frey: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen
E-mail: v.c.frey@rug.nl

Delia S. Baldassarri: Department of Sociology, New York University
E-mail: db1794@nyu.edu

Francesco C. Billari: Department of Social and Political Sciences and “Carlo F. Dondena” Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University
E-mail: francesco.billari@unibocconi.it

Acknowledgements: We thank KnowledgePanel and Matthew DeBell of ANES for making available the information which respondents of the web survey had been furnished with free internet access. We acknowledge comments by Nicoletta Balbo, Valentina Rotondi, Luca Stella, the editorial team of Sociological Science (Ari Adut and an anonymous Deputy Editor), and participants of the ‘Annual Conference of Experimental Sociology’ (Florence) and the ‘Akademie für Soziologie’ meeting on ‘Digital Societies.’ Funding: This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant agreement no. 694262), project ‘DisCont.’

Replication Package: A replication package including all analysis code is available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/vq34k/).

Citation: Frey, Vincenz, Delia S. Baldassarri, and Francesco C. Billari. 2024. “Bridging the Digital Divide Narrows the Participation Gap: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment.” Sociological Science 11: 214-232.
Received: June 30, 2023
Accepted: October 19, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Peter Bearman
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a9

Educational Tracking and the Polygenic Prediction of Education

By Parker Webservices on March 18, 2024 in Articles

Hannu Lahtinen, Pekka Martikainen, Kaarina Korhonen, Tim Morris, Mikko Myrskylä

Sociological Science March 18, 2024
10.15195/v11.a8

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Educational systems that separate students into curriculum tracks later may place less emphasis on socioeconomic family background and allow individuals’ personal skills and interests more time to manifest. We tested whether postponing tracking from age 11 to 16 results in stronger genetic prediction of education across a population, exploiting the natural experiment of the Finnish comprehensive school reform between 1972 and 1977. The association between polygenic score of education and achieved education strengthened after the reform by one-third among men and those from low-educated families. We observed no evidence for reform effect among women or those from high-educated families. The first cohort experiencing the new system had the strongest increases. From the perspective of genetic prediction, the school reform promoted equality of opportunity and optimal allocation of human capital. The results also suggest that turbulent circumstances, including puberty or ongoing restructuring of institutional practices, may strengthen genetic associations in education.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Hannu Lahtinen: Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: hannu.lahtinen@helsinki.fi

Pekka Martikainen: Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: pekka.martikainen@helsinki.fi

Kaarina Korhonen: Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: kaarina.korhonen@helsinki.fi

Tim Morris: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London
E-mail: t.t.morris@ucl.ac.uk

Mikko Myrskylä: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany and Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: myrskyla@demogr.mpg.de

Acknowledgements: Special thanks for Aysu Okbay for providing education GWAS summary results excluding overlapping samples. We also thank the Finnish National Agency for Education for providing municipal-specific school-reform implementation years. The genetic samples used for the research were obtained from the THL Biobank (study number: THLBB2020_8), and we thank all study participants for their generous participation in the THL Biobank.

Replication Package: Instructions for data access and code to reproduce the analysis can be found at https://github.com/halahti/SocSci23

Citation: Lahtinen, Hannu, Pekka Martikainen, Kaarina Korhonen, Tim Morris, and Mikko Myrskylä. 2024. “Educational tracking and the polygenic prediction of education.” Sociological Science 11: 186-213.
Received: September 19, 2023
Accepted: October 31, 2023
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Nan Dirk de Graaf
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a8

Validating the White Flight Hypothesis: Neighborhood Racial Composition and Out-Migration in Two Longitudinal Surveys

By Parker Webservices on March 14, 2024 in Articles

Peter Mateyka, Matthew Hall

Sociological Science March 14, 2024
10.15195/v11.a7

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Empirical research assessing the link between neighborhood racial composition and out-migration has largely relied on a single sample from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID). In this article, we validate these models by comparing estimates from the PSID to estimates from identical models based on internal Census data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Doing so serves two purposes: (1) as a replication exercise for findings with major implications for racial/ethnic inequality and (2) as an expansion of the scope of ‘flight’ models to test mobility models among contemporary samples of white, black, Latino, and Asian households. Results from these models indicate that white households’ migration responses to minority racial concentrations are substantively similar in SIPP and PSID, with the likelihood of out-migration among whites increasing as minority shares grow, albeit weaker in SIPP than the PSID. Results for black householders are comparable across samples, with blacks demonstrating a tendency to leave Hispanic neighborhoods. Results for Hispanic households are, however, divergent between the SIPP and PSID, potentially reflecting differences in the representativeness of the samples. Lastly, the results from SIPP reveal that the mobility behaviors of Asian households are largely indifferent to neighborhood racial composition.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Peter Mateyka: Department of Housing and Urban Development, Policy Development and Research
E-mail: peter.j.mateyka@hud.gov

Matthew Hall: Jeb E. Brooks School of Public Policy, Cornell Population Center, Cornell University
E-mail: mhall@cornell.edu

Acknowledgements: This work is released to inform interested parties of ongoing research and to encourage discussion of work in progress. Peter Mateyka completed his work on this project while employed at the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and has approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied. Census Bureau data privacy policy prohibits the sharing of data or code used in this analysis. Any views or opinions expressed in the article are the authors’ own and do not necessarily reflect the views or opinions of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development or the U.S. Census Bureau. Please direct correspondence to Peter Mateyka, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, PDR, 451 7th Street S.W.,Washington, DC 20410, or via email at peter.j.mateyka@hud.gov.

Replication Package: Programs to replicate the PSID analysis are available online at https://osf.io/3rvfa/. These files require authorization to use restricted-access PSID geocodes, managed by the University of Michigan (see https://simba.isr.umich.edu/restricted/RestrictedUse.aspx).

Citation: Mateyka, Peter, and Matthew Hall. 2024. “Validating the White Flight Hypothesis: Neighborhood Racial Composition and Out-Migration in Two Longitudinal Surveys.” Sociological Science 11: 164-185.
Received: July 20, 2023
Accepted: December 20, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Maria Abascal
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a7

Differences in Academic Preparedness Do Not Fully Explain Black–White Enrollment Disparities in Advanced High School Coursework

By Parker Webservices on March 11, 2024 in Articles

João M. Souto-Maior, Ravi Shroff

Sociological Science March 11, 2024
10.15195/v11.a6

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Whether racial disparities in enrollment in advanced high school coursework can be attributed to differences in prior academic preparation is a central question in sociological research and education policy. However, previous investigations face methodological limitations, for they compare race-specific enrollment rates of students after adjusting for characteristics only partially related to their academic preparedness for advanced coursework. Informed by a recently-developed statistical technique, we propose and estimate a novel measure of students’ academic preparedness and use administrative data from the New York City Department of Education to measure differences in Advanced Placement (AP) mathematics enrollment rates among similarly prepared students of different races. We find that preexisting differences in academic preparation do not fully explain the under-representation of Black students relative to White students in AP mathematics. Our results imply that achieving equal opportunities for AP enrollment not only requires equalizing earlier academic experiences, but also addressing inequities that emerge from coursework placement processes.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

João M. Souto-Maior: The Institute of Human Development and Social Change, New York University
E-mail: jms1738@nyu.edu

Ravi Shroff: Department of Applied Statistics, Social Science, and Humanities, New York University
E-mail: ravi.shroff@nyu.edu

Acknowledgements: We thank Johann Gaebler, Sharad Goel, Jongbin Jung and L’Heureux Lewis-McCoy for helpful comments and feedback. This study was conducted with data obtained through the Research Alliance for New York City Schools. The findings and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Research Alliance.

Replication Package: See the Data and Code Availability Statement on page 158.

Citation: Souto-Maior, João, and Ravi Shroff. 2024. “Differences in academic preparedness do not fully explain Black-White enrollment disparities in advanced high school coursework.” Sociological Science 11: 138-163.
Received: October 30, 2023
Accepted: December 19, 2023
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Jeremy Freese
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a6

Classed Burdens: Habitus and Administrative Burden during the COVID-19 Pandemic

By Parker Webservices on March 7, 2024 in Articles

Taylor Laemmli

Sociological Science March 7, 2024
10.15195/v11.a5

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This paper shows how class shaped service workers’ experiences of administrative burdens during the COVID-19 pandemic. I use the pandemic and pandemic-related shutdowns as a pseudo natural experiment in which job loss was applied to a set of workers from different class backgrounds and with different class locations, workers who then turned to the state for assistance. Drawing on 46 interviews I conducted with service workers across the United States from May to October of 2020, I use Bourdieu’s theory of the habitus to show how class background shaped the administrative burdens workers encountered. Workers’ class origins left them with distinct approaches to bureaucracy that translated into disparate experiences of administrative burdens when workers sought unemployment insurance benefits. As a result, compared to workers from middle-class backgrounds, workers from working-class backgrounds more often experienced housing difficulties, dangerous work, and challenges to their sense of integrity.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Taylor Laemmli: Department of Sociology, University of Wisconsin-Madison
E-mail: laemmli@wisc.edu

Acknowledgements: I thank Chloe Haimson, Mustafa Emirbayer, and Ryan Ellis for valuable feedback. For helpful research assistance, I thank Morgan Barlin, Alexis Bernhardt, Novak He, Clara McKinney, Julia Mann, Siying Qu, and Damini Rao. The paper benefited from participants’ comments at the 2022 annual meeting of the Society for the Study of Social Problems.