Author Archive | Parker Webservices

Robert Andersen: Ivey Business School, Western University.
E-mail: bob.andersen@ivey.ca

Anders Holm: Department of Sociology, Western University.
E-mail: aholm@uwo.ca

Kristian Bernt Karlson: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen.
E-mail: kbk@soc.ku.dk

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Richard Breen, Wenhao Jiang, Robert Manduca, Kim Weeden, Ang Yu, and participants at PAA 2025, the Sociological Science 2025 Conference, and ASA 2025 for their helpful comments and support. This research was conducted with restricted access to Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. We thank the staff at BLS and NORC at the University of Chicago for their assistance with accessing restricted data. The views expressed here do not necessarily reflect the views of the BLS.

Camille Portier: European University Institute.
E-mail: camille.portier@eui.eu.

Berkay Özcan: New York University Abu Dhabi.
E-mail: berkay.ozcan@nyu.edu.

Acknowledgments: We thank Isadora Milanez, Douglas McKee, Douglas Miller, Samuel Stabler, Kim Weeden, Kelly Musick, Patrick Ishizuka, Stephen Jenkins, Peter Rich, Lucinda Platt, Seth Sanders, Duncan Thomas, Zhipeng Zhou, and Alvaro Padilla Pozo for their valuable feedback and support on this project. We are grateful for research support from the Cornell Center on the Study of Inequality. After completing the study and drafting this manuscript, we used ChatGPT (OpenAI) to check grammar and clarity in several sections of dense prose.

John K. Dagsvik: Research Department, Statistics Norway.
E-mail: john.dagsvik@ssb.no.

Xuehui Han: Asia and Pacific Department, International Monetary Fund.
E-mail: XHan@imf.org.

Zhiyang Jia: Research Department, Statistics Norway.
E-mail: Zhiyang.Jia@ssb.no.

Acknowledgments: We are grateful to the editor, Professor Arnout van de Rijt, and the deputy editor for their constructive comments that significantly improved our analysis. We also thank Zhenchao Qian, participants of the sociology research seminar at The Ohio State University, and graduate students in the Labor Economics course at Fudan University for their valuable feedback. We extend special thanks to Xizhe Peng for his continued support and facilitation of this project. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views or policies of the International Monetary Fund or Statistics Norway. Any remaining errors are our own.

Jörg Stolz: Institute for Social Sciences of Religion, University of Lausanne.
E-mail: joerg.stolz@unil.ch.

Ruud Luijkx: Department of Sociology, Tilburg University & Department of Sociology and Social Research, University of Trento.
E-mail: r.luijkx@uvt.nl.

Acknowledgments: We sincerely thank everyone who provided valuable comments and suggestions during presentations of this article at the University of Milan (2023), the SSSR Conference in Pittsburgh (2024), and the Institute for Social Sciences of Religions at the University of Lausanne (2024). We also wish to thank Eduard Ponarin and Dominik Balazka for their contributions to the earlier version of the research design and Jeremy Senn for conducting the inter-coder reliability test.

Kailey White: Crime Lab and Education Lab, University of Chicago.
E-mail: kwhite10@uchicago.edu.

Xiang Zhou: Department of Sociology, Harvard University.
E-mail: xiang_zhou@fas.harvard.edu.

Acknowledgments: The authors thank Steve Raudenbush, Guanglei Hong, Ariel Kalil, Steven Durlauf, Eric Grodsky, and Lucienne Disch for helpful comments and discussions. This project was supported by a grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (No. 2015613) and by the James M. and Cathleen D. Stone Foundation. We used Chat- GPT, version 4o, for help with copyediting the manuscript and debugging R scripts. Responsibility for all content rests solely with the authors.

Conrad Hackett: Pew Research Center, University of Maryland.
E-mail: chackett@pewresearch.org.

Acknowledgments: We are grateful for helpful feedback from Philip Brenner, Ryan Cragun, Ariela Keysar, Courtney Kennedy, Andrew Mercer, and David Voas. Many people contributed to our broader project of measuring religious change, including Marcin Stonawski, Yunping Tong, Stephanie Kramer, Anne Shi, Alan Cooperman, Joanna Sikorska, and Caileigh Stirling. Support for this work came from The Pew Charitable Trusts and the John Templeton Foundation (grant 62287).

Adam Goldstein: Princeton University.
E-mail: amg5@princeton.edu.

Acknowledgments: The authors are listed in reverse alphabetical order. For helpful com- ments, the authors wish to thank Laura Adler, Barbara Kiviat, Kim Pernell, and Claire Sieffert. This article has benefitted from presentations at the 2024 American Sociological Association Meetings and the 2025 RC17 Conference on Organizing Plurality.

Dustin S. Stoltz: Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Lehigh University.
E-mail: dss219@lehigh.edu.

Oscar Stuhler: Department of Sociology, Northwestern University.
E-mail: oms@northwestern.edu.

Marshall A. Taylor: Department of Sociology, New Mexico State University.
E-mail: mtaylor2@nmsu.edu.

Acknowledgments: All authors contributed equally. We thank all the respondents of our survey for being generous with their time. We are indebted to Kim Weeden and Cat Dang Ton for giving us crucial comments on an early version of this article. We are also grateful for the important feedback we received at the ASA Session on Culture and Computational Social Science, the Sociological Science Conference at Cornell University, the International Network of Analytical Sociology Conference at Columbia University, the Institute for Analytical Sociology Symposium at Linköping University, and the Culture and Action Network at the University of Chicago.

Acknowledgments: I would like to thank the anonymous Sociological Science reviewers for insightful suggestions for revision that helped improve the article. An early version of this article was presented at the first Sociological Science Conference at Duke University in 2024, where I received useful comments and suggestions.