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The question of how social mobility affects outcomes, such as political preferences, wellbeing, and fertility, has long been of interest to sociologists. But finding answers to this question has been plagued by, on the one hand, the non-identifiability of “mobility effects” as they are usually conceived in this literature, and, on the other, the fact that these “effects” are, in reality, partial associations which may or may not represent causal relationships. We advance a different approach, drawing on a causal framework that sees the destination categories as treatments whose effects may be heterogeneous across origin categories. Our view is that most substantive hypotheses have in mind a hypothetical within-person comparison, rather than a between-person comparison. This approach is not subject to many of the problematic issues that have beset earlier attempts to formulate a model of mobility effects, and it places the study of such effects on a more reliably causal footing. We show how our approach relates to previous attempts to model mobility effects and explain how it differs both conceptually and empirically. We illustrate our approach using political preference data from the United Kingdom.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Richard Breen: Nuffield College
E-mail: richard.breen@nuffield.ox.ac.uk

John Ermisch: Nuffield College
E-mail: john.ermisch@sociology.ox.ac.uk

Acknowledgements: We would like to thank the editors, deputy editor and consulting editors for their helpful suggestions. We also thank Pablo Geraldo, and Guanhui Pan for comments on earlier drafts.

Replication Package: A replication package for this article, called Mobility Effects, has been posted on OSF: https://osf.io/c34ta/.

Citation: Breen, Richard, and John Ermisch. 2024. “The Effects of Social Mobility.” Sociological Science 11: 467-488.
Received: January 8, 2024
Accepted: March 12, 2024
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Jeremy Freese
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a17

When Do Haters Act? Peer Evaluation, Negative Relationships, and Brokerage

By Parker Webservices on April 17, 2024 in Articles

Jason Greenberg, Christopher C. Liu, Leanne ten Brinke

Sociological Science April 17, 2024
10.15195/v11.a16

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In many organizational settings, individuals make evaluations in the context of affect-based negative relationships, in which an evaluator personally dislikes the evaluated individual. However, these dislikes are often held in check by norms of professionalism that preclude the use of personal preferences in objective evaluations. In this article, we draw from social network theory to suggest that only individuals that are network brokers—those who have the cognitive freedom to flout organizational norms—act to down-evaluate the peers they dislike. We evaluate our theory using two complementary studies: one field site study and an experiment. Our results, consistent across two different methodologies, suggest that overlooking an evaluator’s negative relationships as well as the network positions that constrain or enable an individual’s actions may lead to distortions in ubiquitous organizational peer evaluations processes and outcomes.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Jason Greenberg: SC Johnson College of Business, Cornell University
E-mail: Jg2459@cornell.edu

Christopher C. Liu: Lundquist College of Business, University of Oregon
E-mail: chrisliu@uoregon.edu

Leanne ten Brinke: Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia
E-mail: Leanne.tenbrinke@ubc.ca

Acknowledgements: We thank Anne Bowers, Gino Cattani, Sheen Levine, Andras Tilcsik, Catherine Turco, Ezra Zuckerman, and seminar participants at Harvard and NYU for useful feedback on an earlier draft. All errors and omissions are ours alone. This study was IRB approved: (a) NYU IRB HS#10-8124 and (b) Oregon IRB STUDY00001144.

Replication Package: Our experiment was preregistered at (https://aspredicted.org/YHD_W9P). A replication package has been deposited at (https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/4MOJVQ).

Citation: Greenberg, Jason, Christopher C. Liu, and Leanne ten Brinke. 2024. “When Do Haters Act? Peer Evaluation, Negative Relationships, and Brokerage.” Sociological Science 11: 439-466.
Received: October 20, 2023
Accepted: December 23, 2023
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Stephen Vaisey
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a16

From Metallica to Mozart: Mapping the Cultural Hierarchy of Lifestyle Activities

By Parker Webservices on April 12, 2024 in Articles

Mads Meier Jæger, Mikkel Haderup Larsen

Sociological Science April 12, 2024
10.15195/v11.a15

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Theories of cultural stratification argue that a widely shared cultural hierarchy legitimizes status differences and inequality. Yet, we know little about this hierarchy empirically. To address this limitation, we collected survey data in Denmark and asked respondents to rate the implied social rank of 60 activities, genres, and objects belonging to six lifestyle domains (music, food, performing arts, leisure, sport, and literature). We use ratings of social rank to infer about the cultural hierarchy, arguing that higher ratings imply higher perceived status. First, respondents link activities often considered highbrow (e.g., opera, caviar, and golf) with higher social rank than activities often considered lowbrow (e.g., heavy metal, nuggets, and boxing), suggesting that a cultural hierarchy exists. Second, ratings of implied social rank differ little by respondents’ objective and subjective socioeconomic position, suggesting that the cultural hierarchy is widely shared. Third, respondents bundle the 60 activities in a perceived highbrow, middlebrow, and lowbrow lifestyle, suggesting that “brows” are salient in distinguishing lifestyles. Overall, our results support the idea that a cultural hierarchy exists.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Mads Meier Jæger: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: mmj@soc.ku.dk

Mikkel Haderup Larsen: Department of Sociology, University of Copenhagen
E-mail: mhl@soc.ku.dk

Acknowledgements: We have presented earlier versions of this article at the 2023 ECSR conference in Prague, the RC28 Spring Meeting in Paris, the 2023 CEPDISC Conference in Aarhus, and at seminars at the University of Utrecht, University of Copenhagen, the Danish National Centre for Social Research, the Rockwool Foundation, and the European Commission. We thank participants at these events for constructive comments. The research presented in this article was funded by the Carlsberg Foundation (grant number CF21-325) and the Rockwool Foundation (grant number 934121, “Lifestyle Discrimination and Inequality”).

Replication Package: All data used are publicly available at https://osf.io/y9hiq/ and https://osf.io/kaqi5/. A replication package with R code is available at https://osf.io/j5wxu/

Citation: Jæger, Mads Meier, and Mikkel Haderup Larsen. 2024. “From Metallica to Mozart: Mapping the Cultural Hierarchy of Lifestyle Activities.” Sociological Science 11: 413-438.
Received: November 21, 2023
Accepted: March 4, 2024
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Stephen Vaisey
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a15

Implicit Terror: A Natural Experiment on How Terror Attacks Affect Implicit Bias

By Parker Webservices on April 9, 2024 in Articles

Filip Olsson

Sociological Science April 9, 2024
10.15195/v11.a14

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Sociology has recently seen a surge of interest in implicit culture, which refers to knowledge, habits, and feelings that are largely automatic and habitual. In this article, I argue that certain expressions of implicit culture may be more contextual and malleable than previously thought. The argument is illustrated by showing how terror attacks in France affect implicit bias toward Arab Muslims. By analyzing the longevity and specificity of this effect, I also detail when and why implicit bias might change. The article consists of two studies. Study 1 shows that the attacks significantly increased implicit bias in France (n = 449), whereas Study 2 shows that the attacks had a similar effect globally (n = 25795). There was no corresponding effect on explicit bias in either study. I discuss the implications of the findings for research on terror attacks, implicit bias, and implicit culture.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Filip Olsson: Department of Sociology, Stockholm University
E-mail: filip.olsson@sociology.su.se

Acknowledgements: I am thankful to Magnus Bygren, Moa Bursell, and Daniel Ritter for insightful comments and suggestions.

Replication Package: All data used are publicly available at https://osf.io/y9hiq/ and https://osf.io/kaqi5/. A replication package with R code is available at https://osf.io/j5wxu/

Citation: Olsson, Filip. 2024. “Implicit Terror: A Natural Experiment on How Terror Attacks Affect Implicit Bias.” Sociological Science 11: 379-412.
Received: January 17, 2024
Accepted: March 6, 2024
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Stephen Vaisey
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a14

Every Forest Has Its Shadow: The Demographics of Concealment in the United States

By Parker Webservices on April 5, 2024 in Articles

Maria S. Grigoryeva, Blaine G. Robbins

Sociological Science April 5, 2024
10.15195/v11.a13

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This article examines what people conceal, who conceals from whom, and whether there are demographic differences in how much and what people conceal. We map concealment using a two-wave probability survey and behavioral experiment of U.S. adults (N = 1,281). Our survey measures self-reports of 37 different concealable attitudes, behaviors, and characteristics over a 12-month period, whereas the experiment provides a concrete behavioral measure of concealment. These data yield four principal findings. First, misinformation is commonplace in the United States, but it varies depending on what is being concealed. Second, certain demographic characteristics, such as age, predict rates of concealment, the proportion of things concealed, and lying in a behavioral experiment. Third, most demographic groups are similar in how much they conceal, but all demographic groups differ in what they conceal. Fourth, although some types of strong ties are more likely to be targets of concealment than weak ties, there is greater heterogeneity in concealment across different kinds of strong ties than between strong ties and weak ties, with spouses and partners being concealed from the least, on average. We conclude by discussing implications for theory and research on concealment.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Maria S. Grigoryeva: Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi
E-mail: mg5446@nyu.edu

Blaine G. Robbins: Division of Social Science, New York University Abu Dhabi
E-mail: bgr3@nyu.edu

Acknowledgements: The research reported here was financially supported by the Center for Behavioral Institutional Design and Tamkeen under the NYU Abu Dhabi Research Institute Award CG005. We would like to thank Ozan Aksoy, Elisa Bienenstock, Sergio Lo Iacono, Jennifer Glanville, Craig Rawlings, Arnout van de Rijt, Tobias Rüttenauer, Burak Sonmez, Martina Testori, and the external reviewer for their comments and suggestions, and John Dombrowski and Stefan Subias of the National Opinion Research Center for their research assistance. An earlier version of this manuscript was presented to the Advanced Quantitative Group at the University College London and the 2023 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association.

Replication Package: Data, code, the self-report concealment survey, and instructions for the sender-receiver game have been deposited in the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/293aw/).

Citation: Grigoryeva, Maria S., and Blaine G. Robbins. 2024. “Every Forest Has Its Shadow: The Demographics of Concealment in the United States.” Sociological Science 11: 340-378.
Received: December 15, 2023
Accepted: February 14, 2024
Editors: Arnout van de Rijt, Cristobal Young
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a13

Identity from Symbolic Networks: The Rise of New Hollywood

By Parker Webservices on April 2, 2024 in Articles

Katharina Burgdorf, Henning Hillmann

Sociological Science April 2, 2024
10.15195/v11.a12

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To what extent may individual autonomy persist under the constraints of group identity? This dualism is particularly salient in new movements that value individual creativity above all, and yet have to muster community cohesion to establish a new style. Using the case of New Hollywood in the 1960s and 1970s, the authors show how this movement reconciled the demands of collective identity and collaboration in film production with their commitment to the individual filmmaker’s artistic autonomy. Using information from the Internet Movie Database on 17,425 filmmakers who were active between 1930 and 1999, the authors show that a cohesive symbolic network, in which New Hollywood filmmakers shared references to a canon of revered films, served as a foundation for the collective identity of this new artistic movement. References include allusions to iconic scenes, settings, and shots of classic films. In contrast, collaborations in film projects yielded a fragmented network that did little to support the creative enterprise of New Hollywood. The evidence suggests that symbolic ties through shared citations allowed New Hollywood filmmakers to realize their vision of autonomous auteur filmmaking and to draw symbolic boundaries that separated them from the old Hollywood studio system.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Katharina Burgdorf: Department of Sociology, University of Bremen
E-mail: burgdorf@uni-bremen.de

Henning Hillmann: Department of Sociology, University of Mannheim
E-mail: hillmann@uni-mannheim.de

Acknowledgements: We thank Peter Bearman, Jennifer Lena, and Christina Gathmann for their detailed comments on earlier drafts. We also wish to thank Philipp Brandt, Mark Wittek, Elias Strehle, Florian Keusch, Rachel Skaggs, Tania Aparicio, Gillian Gualtieri, Philippa Chong, Laura Garbes, Etienne Ollion and participants of the CREST seminar, Sunbelt, NetGloW, and EUSN conference for their helpful feedback during various stages of this project.

Replication Package: All raw and prepared data and the code can be accessed via https://dataverse.harvard.edu/privateurl.xhtml?token=c81114da-6e97-44bb-9272-f19b302afcb9.

Citation: Burgdorf, Katharina, and Henning Hillmann. 2024. “Identity from Symbolic Networks: The Rise of New Hollywood.” Sociological Science 11: 297-339.
Received: June 30, 2023
Accepted: October 13, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Stephen Vaisey
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a12

The Effect of Workplace Raids on Academic Performance: Evidence from Texas

By Parker Webservices on March 28, 2024 in Articles

Sofia Avila

Sociological Science March 28, 2024
10.15195/v11.a11

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Workplace raids are visible and disruptive immigration enforcement operations that can result in the detention of hundreds of immigrants at one time. Despite concerns about the impact of raids on children’s well-being, there is limited research on how these tactics affect their academic performance. Using school-level testing data from 2015 to 2019, I compare changes in the performance of Hispanic students in schools close to a workplace raid to white students in the same schools and Hispanic students at control schools. I find exposure to a raid lowered the scores and passing rates of Hispanic students in standardized tests taken 40 days after the operation. I further find that students in schools closer to the raid experienced more pronounced drops in performance, but I do not detect strong evidence that performance decreases were caused by interruptions to schooling. These findings provide new evidence on the spillover effects of workplace raids, underscoring the potential role of immigration enforcement in generating disparities in Hispanic children’s educational outcomes.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Sofia Avila: Department of Sociology and Office of Population Research, Princeton University
E-mail: sofiaavila@princeton.edu

Acknowledgements: I am grateful for the helpful comments provided by Chris Felton, David Grusky, Max Pienkny, Brandon Stewart, Andres Villarreal, and Yu Xie. A very special thanks to Michelle Jackson for her guidance and advice.

Replication Package: Replication data and code can be found at https://osf.io/n7xzy/.

Citation: Avila, Sofia. 2024. “The Effect of Workplace Raids on Academic Performance: Evidence from Texas.” Sociological Science 11: 258-296.
Received: November 3, 2023
Accepted: January 23, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Vida Maralani
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a11

Can't Catch a Break: Intersectional Inequalities at Work

By Parker Webservices on March 25, 2024 in Articles

Kristen Harknett, Charlotte O’Herron, Evelyn Bellew

Sociological Science March 25, 2024
10.15195/v11.a10

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The labor market is the site of longstanding and persistent inequalities across race and gender groups in hiring, compensation, and advancement. In this paper, we draw on data from 13,574 hourly service-sector workers to extend the study of intersectional labor market inequalities to workers’ experience on the job. In the service sector, where workers are regularly expected to be on their feet for long hours and contend with intense and unrelenting workloads, regular break time is an essential component of job quality and general well-being. Yet, we find that Black women are less likely than their counterparts to get a break during their work shift. Although union membership and laws mandating work breaks are effective in increasing access to breaks for workers overall, they do not ameliorate the inequality Black women face in access to work breaks within the service sector. A sobering implication is that worker power and labor protections can raise the floor on working conditions but leave inequalities intact. Our findings also have implications for racial health inequalities, as the routine daily stress of the service sector takes a disproportionate toll on the health of Black women.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kristen Harknett: Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco
E-mail: kristen.harknett@ucsf.edu

Charlotte O’Herron: Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Harvard University
E-mail: charlotteoherron@fas.harvard.edu

Evelyn Bellew: Harvard Kennedy School
E-mail: evelyn@bellew.net

Acknowledgements: The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the National Institute on Aging (Grant No. R01AG066898), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (Grant No. U19OH012293), and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. We received excellent research assistance from Connor Williams and Elizabeth Kuhlman. We are grateful for feedback from members of the California Labor Lab, Laura Dresser, and other participants in the Labor Employment Relations annual meeting.

Replication Package: Data and code for replication are available at Harvard’s Dataverse repository, https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NJABRM.

Citation: Harknett, Kristen, Charlotte O’Herron and Evelyn Bellew. 2024. “Can’t Catch a Break: Intersectional Inequalities at Work.” Sociological Science 11: 233-257.
Received: April 28, 2023
Accepted: September 29, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Filiz Garip
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a10

Bridging the Digital Divide Narrows the Participation Gap: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment

By Parker Webservices on March 21, 2024 in Articles

Vincenz Frey, Delia S. Baldassarri, Francesco C. Billari

Sociological Science March 21, 2024
10.15195/v11.a9

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Socio-economic inequality in access to the internet has decreased in affluent societies. We investigate how gaining access to the internet affected the civic and political participation of relatively disadvantaged late adopters by studying a quasi-natural experiment related to the American National Election Studies. In 2012, when about 80% of the U.S. population was already connected to the internet, the ANES face-to-face study was for the first time supplemented with a sample of online respondents. Our design exploits the fact that the firm (KnowledgePanel) that conducted the web survey and provided the prerecruited respondents had equipped offline sample households with free laptop computers and internet access. The findings show that gaining internet access promotes late adopters’ civic participation and turnout, whereas there is no evidence for effects on the likelihood of political activism. These findings indicate that the closing of the digital divide alleviated participatory inequality.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Vincenz Frey: Department of Sociology, University of Groningen
E-mail: v.c.frey@rug.nl

Delia S. Baldassarri: Department of Sociology, New York University
E-mail: db1794@nyu.edu

Francesco C. Billari: Department of Social and Political Sciences and “Carlo F. Dondena” Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Public Policy, Bocconi University
E-mail: francesco.billari@unibocconi.it

Acknowledgements: We thank KnowledgePanel and Matthew DeBell of ANES for making available the information which respondents of the web survey had been furnished with free internet access. We acknowledge comments by Nicoletta Balbo, Valentina Rotondi, Luca Stella, the editorial team of Sociological Science (Ari Adut and an anonymous Deputy Editor), and participants of the ‘Annual Conference of Experimental Sociology’ (Florence) and the ‘Akademie für Soziologie’ meeting on ‘Digital Societies.’ Funding: This project received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant agreement no. 694262), project ‘DisCont.’

Replication Package: A replication package including all analysis code is available on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/vq34k/).

Citation: Frey, Vincenz, Delia S. Baldassarri, and Francesco C. Billari. 2024. “Bridging the Digital Divide Narrows the Participation Gap: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment.” Sociological Science 11: 214-232.
Received: June 30, 2023
Accepted: October 19, 2023
Editors: Ari Adut, Peter Bearman
DOI: 10.15195/v11.a9

Educational Tracking and the Polygenic Prediction of Education

By Parker Webservices on March 18, 2024 in Articles

Hannu Lahtinen, Pekka Martikainen, Kaarina Korhonen, Tim Morris, Mikko Myrskylä

Sociological Science March 18, 2024
10.15195/v11.a8

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Educational systems that separate students into curriculum tracks later may place less emphasis on socioeconomic family background and allow individuals’ personal skills and interests more time to manifest. We tested whether postponing tracking from age 11 to 16 results in stronger genetic prediction of education across a population, exploiting the natural experiment of the Finnish comprehensive school reform between 1972 and 1977. The association between polygenic score of education and achieved education strengthened after the reform by one-third among men and those from low-educated families. We observed no evidence for reform effect among women or those from high-educated families. The first cohort experiencing the new system had the strongest increases. From the perspective of genetic prediction, the school reform promoted equality of opportunity and optimal allocation of human capital. The results also suggest that turbulent circumstances, including puberty or ongoing restructuring of institutional practices, may strengthen genetic associations in education.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Hannu Lahtinen: Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: hannu.lahtinen@helsinki.fi

Pekka Martikainen: Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki; Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: pekka.martikainen@helsinki.fi

Kaarina Korhonen: Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: kaarina.korhonen@helsinki.fi

Tim Morris: Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London
E-mail: t.t.morris@ucl.ac.uk

Mikko Myrskylä: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany; University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Max Planck – University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Rostock, Germany and Helsinki, Finland
E-mail: myrskyla@demogr.mpg.de

Acknowledgements: Special thanks for Aysu Okbay for providing education GWAS summary results excluding overlapping samples. We also thank the Finnish National Agency for Education for providing municipal-specific school-reform implementation years. The genetic samples used for the research were obtained from the THL Biobank (study number: THLBB2020_8), and we thank all study participants for their generous participation in the THL Biobank.