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Microaggressions in the United States

By on November 2, 2020 in Articles

Kiara Wyndham Douds, Michael Hout

Sociological Science November 2, 2020
10.15195/v7.a22

Abstract
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“Microaggressions” is the term scholars and cultural commentators use to describe the ways that racism and other systems of oppression are upheld in everyday interactions. Although prior research has documented the types of microaggressions that individuals experience, we have lacked representative data on the prevalence of microaggressions in the general population. We introduce and evaluate five new survey items from the 2018 General Social Survey intended to capture five types of microaggressions. We assess the prevalence of each microaggression as well as a constructed microaggression scale across a key set of sociodemographic characteristics. We find that black Americans experience more microaggressions than other racialized groups, twice the rate of the general public for some types. Younger people report more microaggressions than older people. Women are more likely to report some types of microaggressions, and men others. Experiencing microaggressions is associated with an array of negative physical and mental health outcomes.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Kiara Wyndham Douds: Department of Sociology, New York University
E-mail: kiara.douds@nyu.edu

Michael Hout: Department of Sociology, New York University
E-mail: mikehout@nyu.edu

Acknowledgments: This research was conducted with institutional support from New
York University and no external funding.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Douds, Kiara Wyndham, and Michael Hout. 2020. “Microaggressions in the United States.” Sociological Science 7: 528-543.
  • Received: September 11, 2020
  • Accepted: September 25, 2020
  • Editors: Jesper Sørensen, Kim Weeden
  • DOI: 10.15195/v7.a22


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What Age Is in a Name?

By on August 24, 2020 in Articles

Sasha Shen Johfre

Sociological Science August 24, 2020
10.15195/v7.a15

Abstract
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Social scientists often describe fictional people in survey stimuli using first names. However, which name a researcher chooses may elicit nonrandom impressions, which could confound results. Although past research has examined how names signal race and class, very little has examined whether names signal age, which is a highly salient status characteristic involved in person construal. I test the perceived demographics of 228 American names. I find that most strongly signal age, with older-sounding names much more likely to be perceived as white than as black. Furthermore, participants’ perceptions of the age of a name poorly match with the true average birth year of people with that name, suggesting that researchers cannot simply use birth records as a proxy for perceived age. To assist researchers in name selection, I provide a set of candidate names that strongly signal a matrix of combined age, race, and gender categories.
Creative Commons LicenseThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Sasha Shen Johfre: Department of Sociology, Stanford University
E-mail: sjohfre@stanford.edu

Acknowledgments: Many thanks to David Pedulla, Jeremy Freese, Amy Johnson, Hesu Yoon, Jennifer Freyd, and Hannah Johfre Shen for their very helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. This research was made possible through financial support from the Stanford Laboratory for Social Research and the Stanford Center on Longevity.

Supplemental Material

  • Citation: Johfre, Sasha Shen. 2020. “What Age Is in a Name?” Sociological Science 7: 367-390.
  • Received: May 16, 2020
  • Accepted: July 2, 2020
  • Editors: Gabriel Rossman, Arnout van de Rijt
  • DOI: 10.15195/v7.a15


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